Risk Factors for Disease Outbreak

Risk Factors for Disease OutbreakDiseases atomic egress 18 the disturbance of tree trunk processes impacting homeostasis, the emergence and resurgence of illnesss is majorly dependent on social, ecological and geographical smorgasbord rather than the molecular or micro biologic aspects (Mayer, 2000). This essay will c everyplace the outgrowth evidence that climate salmagundi poses health concerns for the future decades therefrom increasing morbidity and mortality in many continents. mode changes and the extremities of live events live pro frame impacts on morbific unsoundnesss for example viruses and phylum Protozoa and vectors much(prenominal) as mosquitoes and ticks, their reproduction patterns be disturbed by the extremities of the weather (Gubler et al., 2001). This paper will alike explore the ways in which applied science such(prenominal) as aeroplanes and occupationcraft produces juvenile initiatives to prevent transmission of diseases among different cou ntries. The universe density is measurable during a fixed time period where the bonny contact with susceptible individuals by each person explores the rate of dispersal diseases among communities.Climate change and global warming has serious implications to human deportment involving the human regions and their interactions with the causative disease agent (Khasnis Nettleman, 2005). Climate change is a key determinant of health as the weather usurps the timing and stringency whereas climate constrains the range of infectious diseases of the outbreaks (Dobson Carper, 1993). Global warming is encouraging the get around of infectious diseases geographically as extreme weather provoke also bring sparks of different diseases (Epstein et al., 1998).The meteorological conditions and climate change are unorthodox as they constantly redistribute and spread infectious diseases, examples include AIDS, Lyme disease, deadly Escherichia Coli. The amplification of greenhouse gases is payable to the correlation amidst race coat and global warming. The rising temperatures are predicted to continue and precipitation is likely to ontogenesis however rainfall may be erratic, leading to floods and droughts. Some scientists have hypothesised that the cast up in temperatures will kill of the plants and hence reduce bulge area for evaporation making it adaptable areas for new diseases and pathogens to arise. The most collision example of health risks from climate change is destinen in the summer of 2003 where europiums temperatures were 3.5C above normal temperatures and 22,000 to 45,000 heat-related deaths occurred (Campbell-Lendrum, Holloway, Foley, 2005). However results comparing the weather out succeeds that socio-economic class show that with or without anthropogenic drivers the weather doubled as a result from human induced climate changes (Stott, St integrity, Allen, 2004).Global warming is cognise to bring about change and some conclude that dis eases will come more abundant when the earth warms up, however it majorly depends on the magnitude and the travel of these changes. When communities exhaust the surroundal resources and infrastructures they allow for infectious disease to cascade crossways continents and populations. The extremities in the weather cycle can destabilise the biological and fleshly systems of our world. Due to changes in the weather patterns and the repeated winter thawing and refreezing, decrease in forest mechanisms and defences and thus the human population becomes vulnerable to disease and pest infestations, and the shifts in seasons also alter rhythms of predators, and the natural biological stops (Lindgren, Tlleklint, Polfeldt, 2000). The increase in mortality and morbidity is due to extremes in both hot and cold weathers.The WHO organisation estamated that around 800 million mountain are undernorished due to living in areas and countries of drought and another(prenominal) climate extreme s which thus affects their crops and food supplies hence leading to alterations in plant pathogens leading to new diseases or the reintorduction of old diseases.The constant changes in urbanisation, human activities along with biological factors such as mutation, genetics factors and changes in the genetic pool affect the rate of emergence of new infectious diseases. Importantly the economic and political stresses may destroy the health system infrastructure, leaving the population impromptu for any sudden epidemics. The interaction between the human population and the environment can be disturbed by various changes including land practice migration and population pressure and thus reflect the significant mal-adaptation through the behavior or dissemination of new diseases (Mayer, 2000). The lack of disequlibrium in the economy is shown in an example of the incidence of schistosomiasis following the construction of the Aswan Dam, and the increase in schistosomiasis, malaria and o ther infectious diseases following the Volta River project in Africa.Water sources and its various contaminations and the lack of it can enhance the process of transmitting diseases among a population. Deforestation and changes in land use patterns have been shown to spread transmission of diseases between the puppet world and the humans, especially when forests are destroyed to make way for residential and commercial usage.Water is a huge necessity, yet 1.1 one million million million people in the world do non have access to it and 2.4 billion people do not have access to sanitation (Cairncross, 2003). In order to ensure supply various approaches have already been use such as polices to eliminate profiteering, efficient management of available water, alter technology and integrating agricultural policies. Contaminated water is the source of epidemics such as cholera, typhoid and other similar diseases. Esrey, Potash, Roberts, Shiff, in 1991 conducted research and found that it is possible to reduce diseases by clean water and sanitations some of his statistics show this diarrhoea (26%), ascariasis (29%), guinea worm infection (78%), schistosomiasis (77%), trachoma (27%) and a medial reduction of 65% in diarrhoea-specific mortality and 55% in world(a) child mortality. Emerging diseases are hard to define as they may have been present at one time in a community in either low of high levels for example a disease like dengue fever is rising in the US but has been known for many years in Latin America. change of location from one country to another can assist the diffusion of diseases in several manners firstly human can act as vectors and carry around diseases from one region to another. Also transplantation vehicles can act as mechanical vectors such as the dengue depicted object where it was transported from Asia to the US by automobile tires and ships as it provided for ideal surviving conditions such as a damp and wet environment.Modern transport systems are efficient and fast thus placing people in danger from emerging new disease or new strands of known diseases and pathogens (Guimer, Mossa, Turtschi, Amaral, 2005). Spatial diffusion involves the changes in travel patterns that have dramatically changed the ecology of infectious diseases. Garrett in 1996, estimated that approximately one million people travel internationally a day and one million travel from developed to non-developed countries per week therefore disease can be transmitted in a subject field of a day. And as diffusion is fast such as with grippe where viral replication takes place in the epithelial cells of the respiratory nerve tract and then transmitted through airborne route. This reflects how spatial diffusion is the main cause of diffuses of HIV/AIDS. Pathogens have relatively simple DNA/ribonucleic acid and any minor changes in the nucleotides can mutate to make a new disease that humans lack immunity for. The development of antimicrobial-resi stant agents is also a major problem for populations around both the developed and vestigial world. Social factors such as homelessness, poverty and migration make it hard to control specific diseases as there are a reverberateed number of antimicrobials available. The emergence of aeroplanes is notably the one that increased the speed of travel and over time introduced new diseases and re-surfaced old diseases, and therefore the national borders are not very secure in terms of quarantine. Other modes of transport includes kick travel which also have surveillance on both sack and arrival routes (Budd, Bell, Brown, 2009).The mobility of infectious diseases is on the rise and several globe health interventions have tried to limit this by focusing on the increase in international air travel around the world (Avila, Sad, Ojcius, 2008). The aircraft rider cabin transmits diseases consistently although the cabin is ventilated it exposes individuals to hypobaric and dry humidity bet ween travellers. The close spaces allows for disease to be re-circulated passim the cabin. One technique of minify this transmission is through supplying fresh air to cabins in a circulation pattern (Mangili Gendreau, 2005). Specific use of technological filters in aeroplanes such as HEAP filters have the efficiency rate of 99.97% of removing particles in the cabins such as dust, vapours and fungi, these are effective as viruses spread by droplets of nuclei. in that respect is four different methods of the spread of microorganisms, these include direct contact or with a contaminated object, airborne, common vehicle (usually through foods and drinks) and vector-borne diseases by insects or vermin. Many are concerned that the airborne particles on an aeroplane is transported throughout the cabins due to the ventilation systems and therefore this has been the focus media investigations throughout the last some centuries and criticism from many special interest organisations (Withe rs Christopher, 2000). Tuberculosis has been a curse for many years and is estimated that a third of the worlds population have it. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is the most spread in airborne pathogens abroad plans. An example is shown in Kenyon, Valway, Ihle, Onorato, Castro, 1996 papers travelling from Baltimore to Chicago and then on to Honolulu. Four of 15 fellow passengers seated within 2 rows of the index passenger had positive tuberculin skin test conversion. on that point has also been evidence that human hygiene plays a big reference therefore all aircraft now have guidelines for blow over hygiene in bathrooms and kitchens. Appropriate quarantine levels must be taken to reduce the photo of these diseases among passengers, thus the governments and international laws have provided specific legal laws that control the relocation of travellers and this can include issuing travel alerts to quarantine of passengers upon departure and arrival.Climate change, social and ecolo gical factors play an ever-increasing role in the resurgence and redistribution of infectious diseases. The increase in mobility of air and rail transport is increasing the transmission of diseases from passenger to passenger and also after and before the flights. The transmission of diseases probably happens a lot more than reported due to numerous reasons including reporting bias and the fact that various diseases have a longer incubation period than that of air travel. Further research and assessments of risk must be taken in order to reflect insights of disease transmissions with transportation and thus control the increase in transmitted diseases from one individual to another. The government and the checkup industry are educating the general public about health issues whether they relate to travel or any other human life aspects. Dynamic diseases are increased due to the increase of population density of human who facilitate for the transmission of diseases and infectious or ganisms (Lindgren, Tlleklint, Polfeldt, 2000). The widespread of environment degradation also contributes to the increase of diseases along with the rapid increase in population numbers. Rapid demographic, technological, social and environmental changes in lifestyles can introduce new diseases due to the changes made to lifestyles. Climate change is an example, as it brings about an epidemic of diseases and microorganisms to societies due to the extremities of its changes in weather conditions fixation lifestyles.Reference listAvila, M., Sad, N., Ojcius, D. M. (2008). The book reopened on infectious diseases. Microbes and Infection, 10(9), 942-947.Boyce, J. M., Pittet, D. (2002). Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. American journal of infection control, 30(8), 1-46.Budd, L., Bell, M., Brown, T. (2009). Of plagues, planes and politics unconditional the global spread of infectious diseases by air. Political Geography, 28(7), 426-435.Cairncross, S. (2003). 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