This Article Provides A Brief Overview Of Existing Research

This article provides a brief overview of existing research on the effects of exposure to violent video games. An updated meta-analysis reveals that exposure to violent video games is significantly linked to increases in aggressive behavior, cognition, affect, and cardiovascular arousal, and to decreases in helping behavior. Experimental studies reveal the linkage is causal. Correlational studies reveal a links to serious, real types of violence. Methodologically weaker studies yielded smaller effect sizes than methodologically stronger studies, suggesting that previous meta-analytic studies of violent video games do not compare to the true magnitude of observed deleterious effects on behavior, cognition, and affect. Introduction Video†¦show more content†¦A few years later, in 2001, Anderson and Buschman, used meta-analytic techniques in order to combine results from empirical studies over violent video games and their effects on five different outcome variables: aggressive cognition, aggressive behavior, aggressive affect, psychological arousal, and helping behavior. Significant effects on these variables were found. Violent video games increase aggressive thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and arousal. The results also show that violent video games decrease the helping behavior. This study was performed on all different types of people: young, older, male, and female. On the other hand, â€Å"experts† in the video game industry, criticize the research literature that exists about violent video game (much like tobacco companies do with research proving tobacco can cause cancer). Research conducted by these video game â€Å"experts† do not have any science in the studies. Study Sample The studies performed use the same five variables as listed above in Anderson and Buschman’s (2001) meta-analysis. Any given study could contain more than one sample or the participants and some of the studies had separate results for males and females. In each sample, each of the five variables were recalculated. For each sample, nine methodological problems were examined. These nine problems are as followed: 1. Non-violent video game condition contained violence, and there was noShow MoreRelatedEssay645 Words   |  3 Pagesyears, a significant amount of research on franchising has been conducted in various disciplines, including economics, law, management, marketing, and management science. A major goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature. A second goal of this article is to enumerate steps that can be taken to improve both the rigor and relevance of franchising research. 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The consultant will develop an introductory paragraph to the survey explaining the tie between organizational culture and ethical conduct. Designate at least two (2) groups within the organization who will take the survey and provide a rationa le as to why these two (2) groups shouldRead MoreLa Flor de Un Sexenio by Jennifer Rae Accettola: Article Analysis1389 Words   |  6 PagesRepresentation in Mexico Accettola, Jennifer Rae.La Flor De Un Sexenio: Women in Contemporary Mexican Politics. Tulane University, 1995. Print. Accettola’s analysis examines the place of Mexican women in Mexican Politics using case study related research, interviews and alternate literature. In the analysis Accettola uses a variation of 283 female politicians who have participated in Mexican government at elite levels and echelons; â€Å"just below what is considered the elite level† since women first

Fundamentals of Hrm - 263904 Words

This online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND†¦show more content†¦6 How Technology Affects HRM Practices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 Paying Employees Market Value 8 Communications 8 Decentralized Work Sites 8 Skill Levels 8 A Legal Concern 8 Employee Involvement 20 How Organizations Involve Employees 20 Employee Involvement Implications for HRM 20 Other HRM Challenges 21 Recession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing YourShow MoreRelatedFundamental Of Hrm By Gary Dessler1505 Words   |  7 PagesSummary Book 1 Fundamental of HRM by Gary Dessler (third edition) is the book that can be used by human resource managers because it contains details pertaining their roles and leadership insights in working organizations. 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HRM also Â…is required to develop and operate training, recruitment and safety programsRead MoreBusiness Strategy : The Co Creation Model1688 Wor ds   |  7 PagesBusiness strategy: The â€Å"Co-creation Model† Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource management (HRM) continue to show increases in commonality within business operations. The need for CSR to be structured and organized within businesses is gaining attention from top managers (Carroll Shabana 2010) who want to decrease overall costs. CSR has both internal and external factors that contribute to the success of a business; internal: skills and education, human rights, labor rights

Rap and Hip Hop Essay Example For Students

Rap and Hip Hop Essay Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story that is thick with allegory. Young Goodman Brown is a moral story which is told through the perversion of a religious leader. In Young Goodman Brown, Goodman Brown is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil, and causes him to live the life of an exile in his own community. Young Goodman Brown begins when Faith, Browns wife, asks him not to go on an errand. Goodman Brown says to his love and (my) Faith that this one night I must tarry away from thee. When he says his love and his Faith, he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his faith to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife. He resolves that he will cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven. This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before. When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because Faith kept me back awhile. This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devil had with him a staff that bore the likeness of a great black snake. The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. The Devils staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devils ceremony which destroys Goodman Browns faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia. Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kept his meeting with the Devil and no longer wishes to continue on his errand with the Devil. He says that he comes from a race of honest men and good Christians and that his father had never gone on this errand and nor will he. The Devil is quick to point out however that he was with his father and grandfather when they were flogging a woman or burning an Indian village, respectively. These acts are ironic in that they were bad deeds done in the name of good, and it shows that he does not come from good Christians. When Goodman Browns first excuse not to carry on with the errand proves to be unconvincing, he says he cant go because of his wife, Faith. And because of her, he can not carry out the errand any further. At this point the Devil agrees with him and tells him to turn back to prevent that Faith should come to any harm like the old woman in front of them on the path. Ironically, Goodman Browns faith is harmed because the woma n on the path is the woman who taught him his catechism in youth, and was still his moral and spiritual adviser. The Devil and the woman talk and afterward, Brown continues to walk on with the Devil in the disbelief of what he had just witnessed. Ironically, he blames the woman for consorting with the Devil but his own pride stops him from realizing that his faults are the same as the womans. .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 , .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .postImageUrl , .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 , .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38:hover , .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38:visited , .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38:active { border:0!important; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38:active , .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38 .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue85e91709f55abd3759f6250ed042c38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gatsby 17 EssayBrown again decides that he will no longer to continue on his errand and rationalizes that just because his teacher was not going to heaven, why should he quit my dear Faith, and go after

Expository on Parenting free essay sample

Enjoyment of the parental role is associated with the sense of fulfillment and achievement parents experience as a result of the healthy and thriving development of their children. Information on the range of disciplinary tactics used by parents and parental beliefs and attitudes to control strategies is essential in order to promote and support effective and constructive parental strategy or techniques with children and youth. Effective parenting helps children mature into model citizens; through firm, fair and vigilant methods of and practical instruction children turn into respectable adults. Over the ourse of nearly twenty years or so, thorough research on how the impact of family structure and family status change affects child welfare. For instance, parental disconnection has accounted for a wide range of adverse effects on childrens welfare, both as an immediate effect of development and in the form of more permanent effects that continue into adulthood. Past research suggests that children who experience multiple transitions in family structure may face worse developmental outcomes than children who live in stable two-parent families and perhaps even children raised in stable, single-parent families. However, consistent change and negative child outcomes may be associated because of common causal factors such as parents ancestral behaviors (i. e. , drinking, smoking cigarettes) and characteristics. Using a nationally-representative, two-generation longitudinal survey that includes detailed information on childrens behavioral and cognitive development, family history, and mothers attributes prior to the childs birth, one can an increasingly salient part of childrens lives in the United States over the past half- century. During this period, as is well-known, divorce rates increased (Cherlin 1992). Cherlin was merely suggesting that the instability within a childs upbringing severely affects the parents ability to maintain a stable household. Besides, conclusive variables conducted in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Bureau Of Labor Statistics, 2013) contain statistics of childrens cognitive performance, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and delinquent behavior in early and middle childhood and early teenage years (ages 9 to 14). According to Kelly (2013), the majority of children whose parents have divorced function within normal or average imits in the years after divorce. As a group, they can not be classified as disturbed. Furthermore, there is a significant variety of implementation within both groups of children from divorced and intact families. Theres little to no question that a child that lives with one biological parent, as opposed to both parents has slight disadvantages in life. For example, fathers play an important role in intact households; consequently, their absence in a household potentially has many negative effects. Their involvement in the family income and economic stability iminishes; their role as guardian and being a good role model to their children also debilitated. A fathers role as mental, physical, and emotional supporter to the mother decreases (usually in divorcing families this part may have diminished long before), their role as parent decreases, and the quality and character of their relationship with the child may be altered. Studies have shown that the number of contact non-residential fathers has with their children diminishes over time (Furstenberg et al, 1983; Furstenberg and Nord, 1985; Seltzer and Bianchi, 1988). 981 data indicated that Just about half of all children with a father living in a different place see that father less than once a month or had not seen him at all in the past year (Seltzer and Bianchi, 1988). There is some evidence, that the measure of contact, though it still is low, may have increased in recent years (Kelly, 1993; Furstenberg and Harris, 1992). Some have also noted that the rate at which contact decreases while it may be smaller, the older the child, the more disruptive and detrimental it can be (Furstenberg and Harris, 1992). Such an outline would make ense that fathers of older children who have had a longer time to develop strong relationships and to have made considerable emotional and financial investment in their childrens wellbeing; as a result, would be more unwilling to sever the relationship. Even so, the number of children with moderate or no contact with their non-residential parent is quite large, and rising at a modest to rapid rate. Remarriage does not usually advance issues for children, despite the potential gains from both improved economic conditions and the company of an extra adult to help with the ast amounts of parenting tasks. However, oversimplified findings lead to embellishment through proponents of marriage proposals and disbelief from critics. If the pessimistic effects of single parenthood on child happiness and success were mainly due to a lack or systematic loss of income, one would anticipate children living with both of their parents to perform as well as other children living with their married, biological parents. Further investigation into the matter reveals that children living with two adults (i. e. , with cohabiting parents or step-family) do not ariables such as comprehension, mechanical procedures, and especially social behavior. Also, if financial stability were the major factor behind the negative connection between single parenthood and a childs life result, one would expect children of single-parent families who are NOT poor to have better outcomes than children of poor single-parent families. The types of people that marry have an effect on the outcome of a childs life. A genuine relationship that developed with non- confrontational and low hostility usually means that this environment would have a ositive effect on the child. These types of relationships ensure that a child has two positive fgures that represent organization, structure, and an overall better atmosphere. Research concerning conflict-based tactics by parents is often contradictory, most significantly in regards to the negative effects of using harsh discipline. One key factor to effective control is to understand whom the child is, especially his or her temperamental style, and uses ones control to help the child achieve potential given those talents and tendencies. The goal should not be to turn he child into someone they are not; for example, to turn a boisterous intense child into a mellow laid-back one. This research indicates the frequent use of harsh or authoritarian type discipline impact a childs development as a whole and directly contributes to the existence of conflict within a family. Any technique will fail if parents do not follow through or enforce consequences consistently. For example, toys will be off limits for a week and then take them away if the offending behavior continues. There has been significant advancement within behavioral research over he past 30 years. Studies with documented effects of physical punishment on children have been plentiful, yet a thorough understanding of its merits and potential effects as a form of punishment has not been reached. After the consequence has subsided one should not ask for apologies or continue to lecture about the incident. It is critical to help the child return to an appropriate activity despite the how long the situation drags out. It is truly difficult to measure the value of being an effective parent and establishing a key mold that defines the youth of the ation. The theoretical and intangible structure outlined at the beginning guides our understanding of key principles and processes underlying effective and constructive discipline procedures with children. Moreover, such theories serve as further insight into the importance of considering the complex interactions that create parental discipline responses, including individual child and parent characteristics and behavior, and more broadly the related influences within which parenting occur.

World Lit Essay Example

World Lit Essay The invisible characters King Laius and Mr. Alvings, in the plays Oedipus Rex and Ghosts respectively influence the future of their offspring. The past decisions of these fathers lead the boys on a downward spiral to failure. In the novel Oedipus Rex, Oedipus, the protagonist, tries to escape the prophesized fate he had just been made aware of. The attempt is futile, because he had already completed more than half of it. Oedipuss imminent fulfillment of the prophecy stems from his fathers, King Laius, efforts to eliminate him as a young child. The character Oswald, from Ghosts, is set up for failure, because of his fathers infidelity. Oswalds inner sickness, syphilis, and the failure of his love interest, Regina, are a result of Mr. Alvingss past affairs. Both fathers affect their childrens adult lives negatively. They do all this with no appearance in either play, only mentioned.King Laiuss attempt to have Oedipus left for dead, sets in motion Oedipuss tragedy. In Antistrophe II Joc asta tries to console her new husband when the seer, Tiresias, lets loose that he is the former kings murderer. To accomplish this she says,Once long ago there came to Laius/from-lets not suppose Apollo personally/ but from one of his ministers-an oracle,/ which said that fate would make him meet his end/ through a son, a son of his and mine./Well, there was a murder, yes,/but done by brigands in another land, they say/ Where three highways meet,/ and secondly, the son, not three days old,/ Is left by Laius (through other hands, of course)/ upon a trackless hillside,/ his ankles riveted together./ So there Apollo fails to make the son/ his fathers murderer, and the father/ (Laius sick with dread) murdered by his son. [Sic]In the passage Jocasta is telling Oedipus not to worry and that he can not be the killer. First of all she has heard he had been killed by a group of foreigners. Secondly, her husband was destined to be defeated by one of his own making. That predestined son was le ft for dead in an abandoned area, with no way to defend itself against the elements and wild creatures. If Jocastas second reason had been true Oedipus would have been in the clear.Jocastas second detail did not quite come to pass. The baby never made it to the trackless road. Instead he was pitied and given away to another shepherd. The shepherd of the Cithaeron slopes explains during his questioning that he was charged with the task of killing King Laiuss son, but could not do it. His reasoning for saving the child was only pity for the babe. He thought he could take him home and far away. Unfortunately that baby did return home as a grown-man and did fulfill the fate he was destined for him, the misfortune of killing his father and marrying his own mother.There does not seem to have been way to get out of the prophecys clutches. The surest way to stop it was to have the child killed. That plan didnt work and just caused major confusion. It is still King Laiuss fault that Oedipuss fate turned out the way it had. Since the prophecy was, just that, a prophecy Laius had many ways to go about it. He could have noted that the fate for his son was not specific. It just said he would kill his father. It did not say if it was an accidental or intended event. In retrospect, the safest way to try to prevent the prophecy from being completed would have been to keep his son at home. As said before his decision to kill him, just lead to more confusion when the deed was not committed. Oedipus tried to break away from his parents, and leave his home. That way the prophecy would never be fulfilled. He was not aware that the couple he shared bread with, were not his biological parents. In his identity confusion he went into the world, intent to escape his parents, and ran straight into his real parents on the journey.They were just random people to him, because he was given to Polybus and Merope at too young an age to know the difference. Another way Oedipus might have taken destiny into his hands is if he never killed or married anyone in his lifetime. To suggest to Oedipus not marry or kill anyone during his lifetime would have left him, or anyone else in Ancient Greece, vulnerable and fruitless. In Greek life it was very dangerous and ridiculous to not have children or be unable to fight for fear of killing someone for anyone, especially a prince. That being so, Oedipus can not be to blame, because he had no idea who his parents were and his culture and environment prevented him from completely steering clear of his destiny. He put forth a valiant effort against it, but was defeated, because of a factor he couldnt control, a false sense of identity. The only one who had control over that was King Laius. As a result he is to blame.Sins of the father are visited on the children is a theme presented in a couple of Henrik Ibsens writings. This theme is a big part in Ghosts. When the play picks up, Mr. Alvings is already dead and buried and Oswald has co me home to be with his recently widowed mother. Act II Oswald tells his mother that his mind has broken down-gone to pieces and he will not be able to work ever again. He then goes into explaining how in Paris he felt horrible pains in his back, neck, and back of the head. Foolishly he likened them to the headaches he experienced while growing up. Finally seeing a doctor he is diagnosed as vermoulu, or translated in English worm-ridden. The doctor then says, Sins of the father are visited on the children. The doctor is implying that Oswalds condition is his fathers fault. At the end of the play Oswald sits motionless in an armchair repeatedly saying, The sun-the sun. What do these instances suggest?All of the symptoms Oswald present point to the STD syphilis. The headaches he experiences as a child are the result of the second stage of the disease. The adult Oswalds pains, oncoming insanity, and paralysis are effects caused by the final and last stage of syphilis also known as the t ertiary stage. The happy years in between these attacks were results of the STDs latency period. How does someone contract this disease? One way is through sexual relations with an infected person, or getting the disease from your mother. She could contract the STD fooling around with other people or having sex with the father after he has been fooling around. The only character reported to have done the sleeping around is Mr. Alvings. With that being so, it is because of his infidelity that Oswald has this horrible inner sickness.Oswalds failed crack at getting Regina to be in a relationship has two problems. One he has a disease of the body that affects the mind and it would be incestuous for them to be together. The syphilis has already been pinned as Mr. Alvings doing, but what about Regina being Oswalds step-sister? That is Mr. Alvings doing too. Regina is revealed to be the product of his affair with the former housemaid Johanna. These factors are too much for Regina and she d ecides to leave the house altogether. In the process Oswalds heart is crushed and is pushed towards suicide. These problems originate from the father, Mr. Alvings, outer-marital relations.The fathers in the plays Oedipus Rex and Ghosts affected their sons lives. King Laius basically paved the way for Oedipuss walk of self-destruction, while trying to save his own life. Mr. Alvings in disregard to the consequences had multiple sexual encounters outside his marriage. The birth of a worm-ridden Oswald and Regina are what became of it. While looking out for themselves, the two dads ended up impairing the future of their offspring.

Qué hacer para trabajar de au pair en Estados Unidos

Quà © hacer para trabajar de au pair en Estados Unidos Trabajar como au pair o cuidador de nià ±os en Estados Unidos puede ser una experiencia gratificante para los jà ³venes que deseen practicar y mejorar sus conocimientos de inglà ©s. Para desempeà ±ar este trabajo es preciso que una familia patrocine a la nià ±era a travà ©s de una agencia autorizada por el Departamento de Estado. El joven extranjero entrar y trabajar en Estados Unidos amparado por una visa de intercambio conocida como J-1. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los requisitos tanto de las familias para alojar a una nià ±era bajo este programa como tambià ©n aquellos que deben cumplir los jà ³venes extranjeros para calificar. Requisitos de las familias para patrocinar a una au pair extranjera Ser ciudadanos americanos o residentes permanentes legales.En el hogar familiar debe hablarse inglà ©s.Los nià ±os americanos a cuidar por el cuidador extranjero debern ser mayores de tres meses y menores de 18 aà ±os. Las familias corren con la mayorà ­a de los gastos que generalmente incluyen el viaje ida y vuelta en avià ³n y seguro mà ©dico mientras dure la estancia de la nià ±era en Estados Unidos. Requisitos para trabajar como au pair en Estados Unidos Tener entre 18 y 26 aà ±os de edad. Aunque la inmensa mayorà ­a de los jà ³venes que solicitan trabajar como cuidadores de nià ±os son mujeres, tambià ©n pueden aplicar los varones.Tener buenos conocimientos de inglà ©s a nivel oral.Haber acabado los estudios de bachillerato (high school) o equivalente.No tener antecedentes penales. Antes de concederse la visa se requerir documentacià ³n oficial que acredite que no se ha cometido ningà ºn delito. Si se ha sido condenado, la visa ser denegada.Suministrar fotos de su vida y al menos tres referencias que no pueden ser de familiares. Adems de los requisitos legales, hay otros fruto de la prctica que hacen que sea ms fcil que una aspirante a au-pair encuentre familia de acogida. Asimismo, cà ³mo se tramita la visa, cules son las condiciones laborales de los muchachos desempeà ±ando esta labor y, finalmente, se hace referencia a otros programas de intercambio que tambià ©n pueden ser de interà ©s para jà ³venes extranjeros que desean vivir la experiencia americana mientras practican inglà ©s. Tramitacià ³n de la visa J-1 para nià ±eras Rellenar la aplicacià ³n correspondiente.Pagar las cuotas correspondientes. La cantidad varà ­a y es fijada por la empresa socia de la agencia americana autorizada para llevar a cabo el programa de au pair. En general es menos de $1000 e incluye el arancel por aplicar, el de encontrar familia patrocinadora y por la entrevista. En ocasiones, dependiendo del paà ­s, es posible que se tenga  que pagar un sobreprecio por el viaje.Pasar una entrevista en persona y un test psicolà ³gico y otro fà ­sico.Escribir una carta dirigida a una posible familia patrocinadora.Si se va a cuidar de nià ±os menores de dos aà ±os, habr que acreditar que se tiene al menos 200 horas de experiencia cuidando a bebà ©s.Comprometerse por escrito a trabajar por doce meses.Acudir a clases de inglà ©s y participar en una reunià ³n mensual de nià ±eras. Requerimientos que frecuentemente solicitan las familias Aunque la ley no dice nada al respecto, en la prctica se sabe que las familias patrocinadoras buscan nià ±eras que: Que tenga licencia de manejar.No fumar. Condiciones labores de las nià ±eras con el programa J-1 El cuidador tendr recmara propia (cuarto, habitacià ³n) y se le proveer con tres comidas diarias.Se le entregar semanalmente para su uso y disfrute la cantidad de $195.75.Las familias corrern con el gasto de hasta $500 para que la au pair asista a clases de inglà ©s (al menos seis crà ©ditos en una universidad o college comunitario).La jornada laboral no podr exceder de 10 horas al dà ­a ni de 45 horas semanales.El contrato ser por doce meses y se le pagar al cuidador dos semanas de vacaciones. Agencias oficiales intermediarias en el programa de Au Pair Es necesario tener en cuenta que una persona sà ³lo puede ser nià ±era con una visa de intercambio J-1 para si las gestiones se hacen exclusivamente a travà ©s de una de las agencia autorizadas por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Este es el listado. Por à ºltimo, esto es lo que debes hacer si la experiencia no es como tà º esperabas y hay problemas serios o te despiden. Esto es lo que debes hacer si el programa de la visa J-1 finaliza antes del tiempo previsto. EduCare Es un programa similar pero diferente al de aupair. Los utilizan las familias americanas para contratar nià ±eras extranjeras para cuidar de sus hijos antes o despuà ©s del horario escolar. En estos casos la au pair no puede trabajar ms de 30 horas a la semana y podrn recibir hasta $1000 para costear sus estudios. En estos casos la compensacià ³n a recibir es menor, estando fijada en $146.81. Evitar problemas con la visa Una vez que se tiene la visa es importante no hacer nada que pueda ponerla en peligro. Para ello una de la informacià ³n fundamental es saber cunto se puede ingresar a Estados Unidos y cuntos son los dà ­as de periodo de gracia para salir, una vez que finaliza el programa. Informacià ³n de interà ©s Para los muchachos interesados en estudiar en EEUU pero creen que no pueden pagarlo, verificar la posibilidad de estudiar dos aà ±os en un Community College: estas son sus ventajas y en esta base de datos se puede comprobar costo en ms de 1,000 colegios comunitarios en todo el paà ­s. Otras opciones con una Visa J-1 de intercambio Existen otras posibilidades para los jà ³venes extranjeros que desean pasar una temporada en EU para aprender inglà ©s y/o disfrutar la experiencia americana. Por ejemplo, el programa SWT para universitarios, que permite que trabajen y viajen durante los meses de verano. Otra opcià ³n son los programas oficiales para staff de apoyo  de campamentos de verano o los de prcticas profesionales (pasantà ­as) para jà ³venes profesionales. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Compare Hale's Outsider with Burrow's Junky Essay

Compare Hale's Outsider with Burrow's Junky - Essay Example Junky was a semi autobiographical narrative of the daily life of a heroin addict. Although the book is quite straightforward in telling the story of a drug addict it is considered to be more political than literary. The book attracted controversy because of its contentious drug themes, which is evident from subtitles in the book such as Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict. Nevertheless, it is clear from the story that the author has depicted himself as an outsider amongst outsiders because he himself was not a drug addict but had ventured into the sleazy world of drugs in attempts to escape from his mental agony after he accidentally shot his wife. This paper makes a comparison of Burroughs work with Hale’s A Nation of Outsiders. The paper holds that Hale has focused and highlighted perceptions of how middle class whites in America began believing themselves to be outsiders in their own country during the period after the Second World War. In contrast, the Junky does not aim at creating any kind of sympathy for drug addicts. The book titled A Nation of Outsiders: How the White Middle Class Fell in Love with Rebellion in Postwar America by Grace Elizabeth Hale also deals with the issue of outsider in terms of the characteristics of life in America after the end of the Second World War. ... At this time Americans had started identifying themselves with outsiders or rebels whom they mostly associated with African Americans. Hale argues that in having identified themselves with the outsider, Americans had started pursuing inconsistent objectives. They had started working towards their self perceived independence and individual freedom. In being fascinated with outsiders, Americans had started desiring to remain connected and to have value in terms of having a deep sense of sharing with other people. Such paradoxical reversals engrossed many white middle class Americans after the Second World War. It became a fashion for middle class whites in America to have perceptions of being outsiders. Hale has depicted how a large number of people began defining themselves as outsiders although these groups always appeared to compete with one another. But all these people created their respective group’s identity as outsiders. For instance, during the time when the abortion de bate was at its zenith, anti abortion activists thought of themselves as outsiders because the Supreme Court had legalized abortion in 1973. Because these people were entirely against legalizing abortion they started considering themselves as outsiders, while the insiders were considered to be those that were favored by the law of the land (Hale, 2011). The similarity of these circumstances can be felt in Burrough’s Junky because nothing much has changed in the several years since the book was published. Drug addiction continues to be a strong moral issue for many people and in being fair as a society Americans have not made much progress by way of understanding the ways in which drugs should be treated. It cannot be denied that there

Slave Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Slave Culture - Assignment Example h of slavery, as Couvares and Saxton state, â€Å"had plunged him deeply into social history, that is, into the realm of group experience and collective fate that seemed very far away from the world of intellectuals and political leaders that had once so occupied him† (16). Morgan found no conflict between the ideas of liberal democracy as espoused by America’s founding fathers and the country’s dependence upon slavery. Instead, he believed that slavery minimized class conflict, thus making the experiment of social democracy easier to accomplish in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Unlike other historians of his era, Morgan believed that racism had little to do with the origins of slavery. Rather, he felt that its existence had more to do with â€Å"elite English attitudes towards manual labor, a short supply of indentured servants, and an elite fear of their unruliness† (111). In other words, slavery was used by the English colonists of the U.S. to control the lower classes. For Morgan, slavery was more of a class issue than a race issue. Black slavery developed out of a response to a serious labor shortage in the colonies, not due to violent feelings towards Africans. Morgan pointed to the English treatment of Native Americans earlier and stated that they were not enslaved as Africans were because their attempts to exploit Native Americans failed. Consensus about other beliefs, Morgan held, had more to do with the origins and development of slavery in

Political Chaos and Stalemate in East Asia Essay

Political Chaos and Stalemate in East Asia - Essay Example On the other hand, it also may be rather interesting to analyze the views of the opposing side which claims that existence of the Asian values can hardly be held responsible for the success. For example, they argued that people in this part of the world willingly adopt the role of servants of authoritarian regimes. In addition to that, it is suggested that while the above mentioned values existed for a considerable amount of time, the rapid economic growth occurred exclusively in the previous century which challenges the direct connection between the two phenomena.After a detailed examination of the attitude towards the Asian values, it may be rather logical to turn to analysis of some of the states in the region. By far, the country that should be addressed in particular is Japan. Speaking of the future of this member of G7 one might point out and important aspect of its political life: for a considerable amount of time the latter has been dominated by representatives of Liberal Dem ocratic Party (Hrebenar 69). Indeed, the second half of the previous centuries featured only a hand full of Prime Ministers that belonged to a different party. All this provides a person with sufficient grounds suggesting that the future of this country will be closely connected to the activity of the party in question. The next important country of the region is Indonesia. It must be noted that the second half of the twentieth century is marked by the rule of Suharto (Anderson 21).

The Process Of Socialization English Language Essay

The Process Of Socialization English Language Essay Some of a persons behaviour is natural while most of the behaviour is learnt. When a child comes in the world, he/she is gradually moulded in society into a social being and learns social ways of acting and feeling. His/her existence in the society becomes impossible without this process. This process of moulding and shaping the personality of the human infant is called socialization. In general Socialization is a social training by which every society prescribes its own ways and means of giving social training to its new born members so that they may develop their own personality. 1. MEANING OF SOCIALIZATION Socialization is often referred to as the transmission of culture, the process by which people learn the rules and practices of social groups. Just as we learn a game by playing it, so we learn life by engaging in it. Socialization is definitely a matter of learning and not of biological inheritance. People become what they are by socialization. Through the process of socialization the individual becomes a social person and attains personality. Socialization is the process whereby the individual acquires the conventional patterns of human behaviour. Every person tries to adjust himself/herself to the condition and environment predominantly determined by the society of which he/she is a member. If he/she fails to do so, he/she becomes a social deviant and is brought back into the line by the efforts of the group of which he/she is a member. This process is knows as socialization. It is the opposite of individualization. 2. THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION Socialization is a process of transforming the human animal into a human being, of converting the biological being into a social being. It is said that the working of the process of socialization starts long before the child is born. The direct socialization begins only after birth. Factors of the Process of Socialization There are four factors of this process of learning. These are imitation, suggestion, identification and language. Imitation: Imitation is copying of the actions of another by an individual. In imitation the person imitating performs exactly the same activity as the one being performed before him. It is the main factor in the process of socialization of the child. Through imitation a child learns many social behaviour patterns. Language and pronunciation are acquired by the child only through imitation. Suggestion: McDougall defines suggestion as the process of communication resulting in the acceptance with conviction of the communicated proposition in the absence of logically adequate grounds for its acceptance. Suggestion is the process of communicating information which has no logical or self-evident basis. It may be conveyed through language, pictures or some other similar medium. Suggestion influences not only behaviour with others but also ones own private and individual behaviour. Identification: A child cannot make any distinction between his/her organism and environment in his/her early age. At that time most of his/her actions are random of which he/she is not conscious. As the child grows in age, he/she comes to know of the nature of things which satisfy his/her needs and such things become the object of his/her identification. The speed and area of identification increase with the growth in age and through identification the child becomes sociable. Language: As we all know, language is the medium of social intercourse and the means of cultural transmission. At first a child utters syllables having no meaning but gradually the child comes to learn his/her mother-tongue. The language moulds the personality of the individual from infancy. Theories of Socialization The heart of socialization is the development of the self. Gardner Murphy has defined self as the individual as known to the individual. The self of a person is what he/she consciously or unconsciously conceives himself/herself to be. There are mainly three important theories to explain the development of self. 3. AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION The process of socialization is operative throughout life. What a child is going to be is more important than what he is. It is socialization which turns the child into a useful member of the society and gives him/her social maturity. The chief agencies of socialization are the following: The Family: The process of socialization begins for every one of us in the family. They are not only closely related to the child but physically also they are nearer to the child than others. The child learns respect for persons in authority. The environment of a family influences the growth of a child. Of the parents it is the mother who first begins the process of socialization. The School: The school is the second agency of socialization. The education the child gets in the school moulds hi/her ideas and attitudes. Education is of great importance in socialization. The communication they receive from their teachers help to socialize them and to make them finally mature members of their societies. The Playmates or Friends: The relation between a child and his/her playmates is one of equality. It is based on cooperation and mutual understanding. The child acquires something from his/her friends and playmates which he cannot acquire from parents. From the friends the child acquires cooperative morality and some of the informal aspects of culture like fashions, fads, crazes, modes of gratification and forbidden knowledge. The knowledge of such things is necessary from the social point of view. The Church: Though in modern society the importance of religion has diminished, yet it continues to mould our beliefs and ways of life. When a child sees his/her parents going to the temple and performing religious ceremonies, he/she listens to the religious sermons which may determine his course of life and shape his ideas. The State: The state makes laws for the people and lays down the modes of conduct expected of them. If people fail to adjust their behaviour in accordance with the laws of the state, they may be punished for such failure. Hence the state also moulds our behaviour. 4. ELEMENTS OF SOCIALIZATION There are there elements which play their part in the socialization process of the individual, they are: The physical and psychological heritage of the individual. The environment in which he is born, and Culture in which he is because of the action and interaction between these elements. 5. ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION Socialization is the most important factor in personality development. Some importances of socialization are listed below: Socialization converts a person, the biological being into a person, the social being. Socialization contributes to the development of personality. It helps to become disciplined. It helps to enact different roles. It provides the knowledge of skills. It helps to develop right aspiration in life. It contributes of the stability of the social order. Socialization helps to reduce social distance. It provides scope for building the bright future. It helps the transmission of culture. 6. SOCIALIZATION OF ADULTS Socialization is a life-long process. At no point in the life of a person it comes to an end. The socialization of adults is easier than the socialization of children. The socialization of adults can be a prolonged and a tough process. This is particularly so when the skills to be learnt are complex and the responsibilities of the role are heavy. Generally adult socialization is designed to help the person gain specific skills. 7. INDIVIDUALIZATION Generally speaking, individualization is the opposite of socialization. It is that social process which tends to make the individuals more or less independent of their own. Individualization is the process in which people come to know themselves and acquire the sense of inner responsibility. Socialization brings people into relation with others; individualization makes him autonomous or self-determining. It is the process carried through by the individual and the society, and is primarily a mental process which is being spread through the prevailing ideas. Aspects of Individualization Mannheim has distinguished four main aspects of individualization. These aspects are: Individualization as a process of learning different from other people: The external differentiation of individuals leads to the formation of new groups. The people isolated from other people develop different types of personality. Individualization on the level of new forms of self regarding attitudes: The individualization comes to feels himself/herself as superior and separate from others and evaluates himself/herself in high terms. The person begins to regard his/her life and character as unique. Individualization through objects: Some people have a fixed feeling towards certain people and objects. Many factors influence the individual choice such as wealth or the process of modern production and distribution. Family conditions also shape the wishes of the individual. Individualization as a kind of deepening into ourselves: The feeling of solitary can develop a feeling of privacy and partial isolation in an individual. It leads to introspection which is again another from of individualization. 8. CONCLUSION The importance of socialized attitudes cannot be minimized in a society. A person with socialized attitudes would no do any work which is socially harmful. A socialized citizen would place human welfare above his individual gain. He would put human values above all else. Modern society has still to solve some basic problems of socialization at all stages of childhood and youth. The improvement of socialization offers one of the greatest possibilities for the future alteration of human nature and human society.

The Colour Purple and The Yellow Wallpaper -- Goodman L. Approaching L

For Walker the use of language is to do with an expression of self in opposition to gender oppression, of presenting self in opposition to a language which is not your own. Explain how this statement informs your reading of The Colour Purple (TCP), and The Yellow Wallpaper (TYW). In TCP, written in first person narrative, Walker uses the epistolary style of writing, giving authority to the voice of Celie and enabling the reader to accept her as having real presence and experience. In her opening letter to God, it is obvious she has no self-confidence, crossing herself out with a line through ‘I am’ (p.3 TCP). Because her mother is so ill, Celie becomes a sexual commodity for her Pa, epitomising a male dominated society, where women accepted patriarchy. This epistolary style of writing was popular in the eighteenth century novel sentiment, morally edifying the reader, with authority being given to the protagonist, in this case, Celie. ‘Celie writes to God, for lack of any living person with whom to share her troubles’ (p.155 Literature and Gender (LG). She is not able to defend herself due to her multiple jeopardy, of being a woman, being black and being uneducated. Celie is a woman who, through being raped and beaten by her ‘Pa’, is ‘taught to fear men and devalue herself’ (p.55 LG). As her letters progress, she grows in confidence within and about her own language. In an early letter to God, written when her Pa stopped her going to school after he got her pregnant the first time and her younger sister continued to go, shows how she wanted to be educated, ‘I feel bad sometime Nettie done pass me in learnin’ (p.12 TCP). Later on, she meets Shug Avery, her husband’s mistress, who helps her find conf... ...aper and uses it to ‘liberate’ herself from the normal domestic role expected of her, and from the patronising husband’s language, such as ‘What is it little girl?’ (p.353 TYW). Through her hysteria, she interprets the patterns on the wallpaper with a female language which is deliberately illogical, Emotional, non-linear, intuitive, as opposed to rational and logical. She writes, ‘There is a recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside down’ (p.351 LG). Both women are using their own language against male authority. Bibliography Goodman L. Approaching Literature. Literature and Gender. Walker A. (1983) The Colour Purple. Great Britain The Women’s Press. Audio/TV Audio Cassette 2: Women and Poetry AC2121 Audio Cassette 3: Gender and Drama AC2122 TV 2 Alcott and Woolf, Gilman, and Walker.

The Knot

The Knot Case Study i. Opportunity analysis of People, Opportunity, Context and Deals. a. People: i. David Liu, Chief Executive Officer 1. Nine years of digital production and management experience 2. Managed staff of forty at video production company 3. Founded CD-ROM development firm ii. Rob Fassino, VP of Marketing 4. Eight years of advertising experience 5. Founded digital division of advertising company 6. Produced TV commercials iii. Carley Roney, VP of Creative Development 7. President of RunTime, Inc. 8. Six years as creative director and editor 9. M. A. in Cultural Studies v. Michael Wolfson, VP of New Business Development 10. Founded production company 11. Co-founded digital media division with Fassino v. Russ Casenhiser, Director of Operations 12. Co-founded Bridal Search, Inc 13. Developed industry’s largest searchable database of bridal gowns 14. Co-owned La Galleria – women’s apparel store 15. M. B. A. vi. Becky Casenhiser, Director of Merchandising 16. Co-founded Bridal Search 17. Maintained relationships with bridal gown manufacturers 18. Co-owned La Galleria – managed buying, sales, customer service 19.M. B. A. vii. Erik Herz, Director of Advertising Sales 20. Six years of sales experience in publishing industry 21. Helped launch Marie Claire in the American Market viii. Partnerships: 22. Online: a. Excite i. Features partner/ lifestyle channel b. AOL ii. Featured wedding resource iii. Exclusive honeymoon resource iv. Featured wedding content partner c. Yahoo! v. Developing Yahoo â€Å"I do† weddings 23. Marketing partnerships: d. Bloomingdale’s vi. Online and in-store marketing e. 1-800 Flowers vii. Marketing and promotion partner f. Atlantic Records viii. Marketing and promotion partner . Great Bridal Expo ix. Featured online wedding resource h. Museum of the City of New York x. *The Future of Weddings* i. Harley Davidson Cafe xi. Special promotions, live events j. WEDCOM ‘97 xii. Keynote speake r/online partner b. Opportunity: ix. What is The Knot selling? 24. Online content dealing with various issues in the early parts marriage k. Second marriages, elopement, same-sex marriages, premarital pregnancy 25. Provide convenience l. Wedding-planning m. Fashion n. Beauty advice o. Grooms p. Travel q. Gifts r. Home 26. Gift shop 27. Gift registry x. Customer: 28.People looking to get (re)married. 29. People looking for wedding gifts 30. Wedding-related services xi. Is this service/product a compelling purchase? 31. Yes. People don’t skimp on weddings 32. Recession-proof: 2. 4 million weddings a year/ 34 billion in annual sales and services 33. xii. Can The Knot grow? 34. Yes. Its online well established base will allow it continue growing at a faster rate than any of its competitors xiii. How fast? 35. xiv. How will The Knot reach more customer segments? 36. Not by magazines high cost of infrastructure and development 37.Continue to adapt to technological changes and trend s in the industry 38. Venture into wedding related markets (pregnancy, planning resources for people without money for huge weddings, etc) 39. Offer evolving and compelling information 40. Create new strategic alliances 41. Strengthen user loyalty 42. xv. What are The Knot’s economics? 43. P20 xvi. What stands in the way of success? 44. Competitors 45. Wedding planners 46. c. Context (factors that inevitably changed, but can’t be controlled by The Knot): xvii. Regulatory environment xviii. Interest rates xix.Demographic trends xx. Inflation d. Deals: ii. How much money should they raise? For what purpose? e. Money: f. Purpose: xxi. Increase investment to further develop the brand xxii. Maintaining relationships with advertisers xxiii. Build technological infrastructure xxiv. Launch sites in other countries xxv. Develop gift registry business (p7) xxvi. Develop technology xxvii. Protect trademark/trade names iii. From whom should they raise money? On what terms? g. Whom : xxviii. Venture capitalists 47. Well known team 48. Wedding market has a high growth potential 49. xxix. Strategic partners . Terms: xxx. Provide limited strategic decisions xxxi. Unlimited cash flow iv. What should David Liu and Carla Roney do? Why? i. What to do: xxxii. Continue to provide a wide range of products that keep the customers’ interest xxxiii. Broaden customer base launch sites in other countries j. Why: xxxiv. Maintain/develop technology xxxv. Keep current relationships with advertisers, customers, and retailers xxxvi. Maintain position above competition xxxvii. Respond effectively to competitive pressures xxxviii. Attract advertising from various industries

mexican family essays

mexican family essays The rural Mexican culture is made up of many small towns and villages. The social connections among adults in theses areas are relatively intimate because many of these areas are endoga mous communities. Most newly married couples live with the man's parents until they are financially stable enough to purchase land of their own to build on. Though it is less common the couple may decide to live with the wife's parents if the mother and daughter-in-law don't get along (Kay, 1991, p. 367). A typical mexican home or compound as they are commonly called. Consists of the family's private living space, which is likely to be set back from the road. Generally the compound is enclosed by a stonewall and contains several structures. There is the main house, which might be a modern type, built of stone and have a metal roof, or the traditional wattle and daub walls with a steep palm-thatched roof. Either way, it is likely to be a one-room house. The traditional house is oval, has a floor of pre ssed dirt or tile, and two doors but no windows. Inside the windowless house, daylight filters in though the palm thatching. At night a single electric bulb provides light. Also at night, several hammocks are let down from the rafters and the house serves as the family's sleeping quarters. In every compound there is also a separate cooking hut with an open fire. Near the well there will be a raised trough covered, by a palm-thatched roof, for the daily clothes washing. ! Sometimes there is a small bathhouse built of sticks interwoven with palm leaves, in which household members take their daily baths. The most striking thing about life in the compound is the extents to which various activities inter mingle. The whole compound constitutes an extended living area where there is little or no individual private space (Spielman, 1993). Typically rural Mexicans believe that conceptions occur immediately after a menstrual period. This idea is based on the notion t...

Fighting Digital Piracy essays

Fighting Digital Piracy essays The many forms of software piracy and the techniques to combat them that exist today are not only morally wrong and unfair, but it benefits no one by threatening both the producers and consumers way of life forever. Pirates continue to hack software constantly, driving major companies and record labels to strive harder to find ways to stop them. It is a never-ending race that will eventually result in the destruction of both the consumer and producer. One of the most prominent forms of piracy in todays society is the sharing of music files and CDs online. This is one of the more well-known kinds of piracy today, with strong ties to the legal issues involving record companies, artists, and the people who buy the music. Millions of people on the internet every day share files with each other that were ripped from music CDs only each individual was licensed to have. Many people would argue that illegally copying music is morally wrong, yet many of those still continue to do it. Our society has reached the point that it does not matter if it is okay how you get something, only that you get it for free. From the consumers point of view, it makes perfect sense to copy and share music with everyone you can reach over the internet. It is no different than allowing a friend to come over to the house to listen to a new CD. Would those who argue sharing is morally wrong say that people should forbid others from hearing their CDs? People borrow each others CDs all the time. People who know they can just get the CD from their friends are less likely to buy it, but you do not see record companies jumping all over people who share the physical CDs. One might say that allowing a couple of friends to borrow a CD is much different than allowing everyone who can connect to the internet to use it, but where is the line drawn? There is no established number of people that are allowed access to someones CD. The l...

M5 Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

M5 Reflection - Essay Example munity can occur in numerous forms and usually, organizations like libraries and zoos among others can be core players in assisting in the education of students outside the school environment (Fawcett & Shannon-Smith 2008). Parents should therefore provide their children with the opportunities to access these services, as they are beneficial to their overall studies. Most of these organizations create learning activities for the students who visit their sites but sometimes they do so without consulting the local schools first. It is important for the community and the schools to work together when improving the learning of students as through this collaboration, the excellence of the schools can be replicated in the community activities (Johnston, 2009). The community should value and have a commitment to implementing clear learning objectives, standards of a high quality, instructional strategies based on evidence and technology that has an ability to prepare the students to become successful in a complicated global community. The community should also remain ethical and should have a commitment and value in acting with fairness and integrity in order to bring ethical principles of decision-making processes while at the same time abiding by the laws and policies which govern schools. Caughy, M., Nettles, S., & O’Campo, P. (2007). Community Influences on Adjustment in First Grade: An Examination of an Integrated Process Model.  Journal of Child and Family Studies,  16(6), 819-836.

Accounting for Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting for Manager - Essay Example If the management expects the revenue to be $700000, then it must not accept the proposal of the landlord as this will increase the annual rent payment to $45500 which is more than the fixed annual rent of $40000. The company can accept the order as this will result in a profit of $400000. This is because the fixed costs remain fixed irrespective of the size of production (National Council on Economic Education, n.d.; Mankiw, 2008, P274). If the order size is 12000 units, the company must not accept the offer as this will result in a loss of $492000. The company has to spend an additional amount of $900000 as fixed costs because of an increase in the total capacity. This is because the fixed costs increase with the increase in the total capacity of the business The maximum order size that the company can accept is 100000 units. This is because beyond this capacity the fixed cost of the company doubles. For producing even one unit beyond the total capacity the company has to incur the total amount of fixed expense as this cannot be adjusted with the number of units produced. The costs have been allocated as direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include the cost of materials and labor cost that can be directly related to the product whereas indirect costs are the costs that cannot be directly identified with the product. The costs relating to general services are apportioned based on sales volume and the costs of the computer department are allocated based on the use. From this the operational income of the Tree division has been calculated as $480000. The net investment of the division is $1600000. This gives a return of 30% on the investment. The performance evaluation can be done using Variance analysis, EVA and return earned on investment. To earn profits the business has to be managed efficiently. ROI is an important tool for evaluating the

World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

World History - Essay Example When we talk of the impact which these civilizations had on us we need to accumulate factors concerning political, social, religious, and scientific impact. The people of those ancient civilizations laid strong foundation in the field of astronomy. The Mesopot The concept of living with a multi-cultural society was basically originated in their civilization. Since the Mesopotamians started their dwelling in between the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates, which was already occupied with Assyrians, Aklad Babylonians, Sumerians etc,. Today we could find multi-cultural societies every where .As a result the impact of one culture lays on the other. The art of predicting the future, the study of astronomy [the stellar movements], the learning of atmospheric sciences all came from Mesopotamian civilization. The Greeks seemed to have excelled in every field. Their civilization was the most influential one. They were the pioneers to built multi-storied buildings, formulated trade routes covering large territories such as Turkey, Cyrus, Egypt, Afghanistan and Scandinavia. Athletics and other art of sports such as â€Å"Bull-leaping†, Marathon was given by them and we still conduct these sports world wide .The Greeks were the first to introduce â€Å"Epic poetry† and â€Å"Lyric†. All the credit goes to Homer, the first person to present Greek Literature. The â€Å"Democratic form of government† and the voting system, the meeting of those people who voted was called as â€Å"assembly† was all their contribution and its impact could be felt obviously. The urbanized culture started from their time onwards. One more important impact is the logical and philosophical approach towards every concept of life, was given by them. The philosopher’s quest resulted in teaching an exact way of moralistic life. The Greeks had the view that the state should be

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Essay Example for Free

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Essay Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures I will explain the basic accounting concepts and business structures from the following topics: GAAP sources and hierarchy; Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles; Difference between Accrual based accounting and cash basis of accounting; Types of business structures and the features of each structure. 1. GAAP sources and hierarchy Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is the set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to prepare their financial statements. GAAP principles are the bases of financial reports and the guidelines of United States accounting practices. There are four categories of sources of GAAP hierarchy as follows: Category (A): FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions; APB Opinions; AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins. Category (B): FASB Technical Bulletins (no longer issued), AICPA Industry Audit and Accounting Guides, AICPA Statements of Position. Category (C): FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, AICPA AcSEC Practice Bulletins. Category (D): AICPA Accounting Interpretations, FASB Implementation Guides (Q and A), widely recognized and prevalent industry practices. The category (a) of the GAAP hierarchy has a higher authority than a FASB Technical Bulletin, which is in category (b).The hierarchy is important because it gives the out layer for companies to search for the specific accounting transactions. For example, if a specific transaction can not be covered in category (a), then companies will turn to categories (b) for selecting and applying appropriate accounting principles, then (c) and (d). 2. Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles Good accounting information should be understandable. If no one can not understand the accounting information presented, it becomes useless to lose all of the other qualities. The good accounting information should be Reliable and Relevant. Reliability means verifiable, representation faithfulness, and free of error and bias. If the accounting numbers are wrong, there is no any meaning to use the information. Relevance means predictive or feedback value presented on a timely basis. The internal managerial accounting reports are different from the external financial reports. The relevant information is needed to prepare the different kinds of reports. The good accounting information should be Comparability and Consistency. The good information can be used to identify the differences and similarities between companies. The company consistently use the same accounting treatment for better auditing purposes. 3. Difference between Accrual basis accounting and cash basis of accounting The revenue recognition principle and the expense matching principle are two key elements for Accrual basis accounting. Company uses accrual basis accounting to recognize income when goods are shipped or services are rendered, and to recognize expense when it is obligated to pay it. On the contrast, cash basis accounting recognizes the revenue and expenses when the cash is received and paid. The cash basis accounting is prohibited under GAAP because it does not record revenue and expense when earned and incurred. It will misstate the actual income and expenses incurred and can not reflect the real business operation during the accounting period. 4. Types of business structures and the features of each structure There are three types of business structures-Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, and Corporation. Sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. It is the simplest form of business ownership. The sole proprietor is in direct control of all affairs and entitled all profits and losses and is free to transfer his interest in the sole proprietorship at will. The disadvantage is that the sole proprietor would be fully responsible for all debts and obligations related to the business. The business would have difficulty in raising capital. Partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associate a partner. Partnership can bring broad resources and unique skills. All the partners share profit and losses, share the right to manage and make major business decisions, have unlimited personal liability for obligation of the partnership. For tax advantage, the partnership does not pay federal income tax; rather, partners file their own individual tax return. Disadvantage is that partners are fully and personally liable for the debts if their partnership. Corporation is a legal entity distinct from its owners (called â€Å"shareholders† or â€Å"stockholders†) and manager. It is easy to raise fund. The major advantage of corporation is that the owners are not personally liable for the obligation. Stockholders are free to transfer their ownership interests. Corporation must pay income taxes on any profits that it makes, and stockholders generally do not have to pay income tax on its profits until they are distributed as dividends. The corporate tax rate generally is lower than the personal tax rate.

A Caribbean Legacy Essay -- Caribbean History Culture Essays

A Caribbean Legacy The notions of slavery, colonialism, and race are indelible aspects of Caribbean history. In order to fathom the current political, social, economic, and cultural climate of the Caribbean one must engage in a critical study and understanding of the impact slavery has had in modern day Caribbean societies. The modes and intricacies of modern day Caribbean societies are intimately related to the plantation systems of the colonial period, which welcomed the arrival of the largest migration in history. Author Michelle Cliff, in her essay "If I Could Write This With Fire," attempts to make sense of the current deplorable social conditions of racial inequality in her native land of Jamaica. It is within this context of understanding the current social and racial strife in Jamaica that Michelle Cliff presents the intimate relationship between past and present. Michelle Cliff, in an ontological manner attempts to unmask the current phenomena of racial strife in Jamaica by considering and examining the disdainful legacies of slavery brought upon by ruthless European colonialism in the Americas. Cliff, like many of the historians, sociologists, and economists which we have encountered in our study of Caribbean history, is partaking in an unmasking process of the Jamaican society in her literature in order to reconcile a ravaged Jamaican and Caribbean identity. Ultimately, Michelle Cliff’s desire to make sense of the Caribbean’s intricate social and cultural mosaic prompted her to "look back," and, as she states in her essay: To try and locate the vanishing point: where the lines of perspective converge and disappear. Lines of color and class. Line of history and social context. Lines of denial and rejection. Wh... ...nges imposed by the plantation system created a hierarchy of color (similar to the one discussed by Michelle Cliff in Abeng, wherein the color of one's skin designated one's occupation and social position). Whiteness indicated economic and political superiority as well as leisure while blackness represented low social status and arduous labor. Consequently, it is quite evident that Knight offers significant evidence affirming the notion that slavery, or in this particular case, the social caste system imposed by the plantations has indeed had a grave influence in the evolution of Caribbean societies. -Footnotes- 1.) Excerpt taken from: Michelle Cliff’s essay, "If I Could Write This With Fire." 2.) ibid (1) 3.) Quote taken from page 124 of: Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. Oxford University Press: New York, 1990.

Personal Skills Inventory Essay

The most important skill in life is learning how to communicate effectively. Working in the business industry communication is important factor in the success of the business and daily tasks such as giving employees’ feedback, writing reports, giving presentations, conducting interviews and sending emails. How we communicate varies among each individual as well as how we perceive our own personal communication skills. While we may think that we are communicating effectively others around us my find that we communicate poorly. Based on my experiences on an off the job, my communicative skills have always been mediocre at best. In order to validate this, I will participate in an online test courtesy of mindtools.com. My decision to choose this communication quiz was based on the depth of details it provided me upon completion of the quiz. The quiz had 15 questions which addresses each stage of the communication process. A score interpretation was provided and also a detailed interpretation for improving my skills in each area. Based on my score interpretation, I am a capable communicator, but I sometimes experience communication problems. I need to take more time to think about my approach to communication, and focus on receiving messages effectively as much as sending them. The encoding part of the communication process was my weakest area. This showed that I have difficulty creating a clear and well-crafted message which often leads to a communication gap. Communication gaps are frequently caused by misdirected, one-way, poorly time, or badly worded communications. In addition, some gaps result from misunderstanding, misinterpretations, and miscommunications. This part of the test really struck home because often during face-to-face communication with my teams I am unaware of how my communication is breaking up which can result in lack of interest in my teams attention and possibly communicating a message that’s unclear and misunderstood. However the test indicated that my online Communication was clearer and effectively delivered. I often use online communication as a secondary tool because way to often text messages and emails are taken out of context but it seems that this type of communication is more effective. To ensure that I communicate in the clearest, most effective way possible for work and future courses such as business communication and psychology I intend to seek additional training with my least proficient communication skills using the many services that Walden has provided such as The writing center, grammarly and the Walden Student Library. To aid me in my journey of better communication I plan to use the directions and opinions of my professors, classmates and employees. Writing Skills: Writing is a process; as in all processes, there is a beginning, middle, and an end. The attitude in which we take toward writing creatively may cause problems in terms of how other writers’ perceive one’s writing skills. Not knowing what to write or how to write effectively is the start of the writer’s breakdown. In this section of my essay I will explain my need for strengthening the writing skills that I already possess and how I plan to use them to my advantage. Whenever I’m faced with a writing project I become tense and stressed, ever since high school I have always suffered from writers’ block which is the inability to remember or think of something you normally can do. In order to get pass this stumbling block I first have to clear my head of any thoughts that could clutter my writing. It’s very hard to be expected to write clearly without having a clear mind. As my high school English would always say â€Å"Don’t blame the reader if he can’t follow your writing†. It is the writer’s job to convey his meaning to the reader, not the reader’s job to figure out what the writer is trying to express. While I have many strong points to my writing I possess weak areas as well, these areas of improve include introductions and conclusions, my introductions are not supportive enough and sometimes weak for my topics, my conclusions in my opinion are always weak, I think because after writing for so long I run out thing to say or support my topics. My goals for my future courses are to submit the perfect papers and earn all points possible, I plan to take advantage of all the resources that Walden has to offer in aiding my success as a student and professional. Time Management Skills: Time management is very important to academic and overall life success. Learning to manage your time effectively can be a headache for people that are trying to juggle work, school, and family life. For me it seems that there is just not enough time in the day to complete all of my tasks successfully. When it comes to effective time management it is important to possess skills and tools that will fit your personal lifestyle. I find it important to try every angle of time management until you determine which one will be most beneficial to you. In my experience with being a Wife, Mother, and working two fulltime jobs time management is a must have, it will aid in deleting some of the stress brought on by a crazy schedule. Some improvements that I would like to make immediately include goal setting, creating a to-do list and organizing. I am the Queen of procrastination and it is my ultimate down fall even though I am fully aware that for an individual to achieve his or her goals it is important that I develop a plan to carry out that goal, which in turn requires effective time management skills. Effective time management is something that will make or break an individual, not only in the academic setting, but also in life as well. According to an online tool â€Å"Keys to Success† Identifying personal time-related needs and preferences is the first step in developing an individualized time management plan. The best way to achieve this is to make up a schedule that incorporates all necessary aspects of your life. This includes school, family, and work. Prioritizing and time saving methods are also recommended. I plan to utilize the practices provided by Keys to Success and my weekly assignment timelines for success in my future courses, home and work life. References http://www.carterkeys.com http://www.mindtools.com Communication in a Changing World 2006 Edition

Life Transitions Essay

The mesosystem is the second structure within Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological model. Bowes & Hayes (1999) describe the mesosystem as the interrelationships between the indivuduals in the microsystem. There is direct collaboration between the individual and their relationships between their microsystem, their behaviors, expectations and values may differ with different experiences (Bowes, Grace & Hayes 2012). Regarding my life transition, the relationships between home and school within the microsystem became stressful, causing a negative impact on myself. Though when looking at figure 2, it is evident that after the stressors had ceased, a strong positive relationship occurred. This example highlights how a negative relationship between two aspects of the microsystem can dramatically change and become a powerful mesosytem agents to the individual effecting their development. Other indirect relationships that still effect the individual are seen in the exosystem. Garbarino (1992) describes the exosystem as a setting in which the individual is not directly involved with, but still has an effect on them through the meso or microsystem. In terms of my life transition, the relationship with my father and his workplace from figure 1 does not affect me directly, though due to this my relationship with my father lessened throughout my transition to University for his working hours increased causing us to spend less time together. The outer most relationships shown in figures 1 and 2 are known as the macrosystem. According to Bowes, Grace & Hayes (2012) the macro system is the broad societal or cultural contexts, cultural beliefs systems and values that are passed through our micro and mesosystems. An example of my personal transition is the government fundings for rural students to study away from home which allowed my financial transition to be much smoother. The last key structure to Bronfenbrenner’ social ecological model is known as the chronosystem. The chronosystem emphasizes the individuals changes or in any of the ecological contexts of development over time (Shaffer & Kipp 2006). An example of my personal transition that was undertaken was the sudden death of my father. It not only changed myself as an individual, but will  continue to affect my across my life span. Harms (2010) created another multidimensional approach within Bronfenbrenner’s model which takes the individuals inner world into consideration as well as their environment. Both Harms and Bronfenbrenner’s models display that though there are different dimensions of the models, they are both connected to each other in multiple ways. Gibsons theoretical framework is another example of a perspective in human development. Both Bronfenbrenner and Gibsons theories involved the concept of there being a strong relationship between the individual and their environment, both have aspects that are focused in change over time Tudge, Gray, & Hogan (1997). Developmental niche is another example of a model based upon different dimentions. Harkness & Super, (1994) define a developmental niche as two processes that are unique to an individual. It is based upon three basic components, the physical and social settings, culturally regulated customs and the psychology of the individual an example of a developmental niche would be the individual and their close friends as it was formed from mutual interests. In addition, the relationships between the structures of an individual’s microsystem can also impact in a similar way. Furthermore when discussing individual development, the concepts of resilience and vulnerability must be seen as factors. In terms of my personal transition, I would haveoriginally been seen as vulnerable, though due to increasing protective factors such as new relationships being formed from my microsystem level, I then would have been deemed resilient as I was able to thrive and adapt to the new change (Miller, Osbahr, Boyd, Thomalla, Bharwani, Ziervogel,†¦ & Nelson 2010). Life transitions occur in individuals lives due to a psychological or environmental change in a particular time in their life. My personal transition that is being discussed was the move from highschool and my home town, to moving to Bendigo and commence University studies. Bronfenbrenners ecological model was used to demonstrate the changed faced in terms of Microsystems, Mesosystems, Exosystem and Macrosystems. There are many other contributing factors that influence an individual and their life changes,  from other theories such as Harms model, as well as Gibsons, to the vulnerability or resilience of the individual. When taking all these aspects into my personal transition, it is clearly shown that my relationships, psychological state and environment have all ended as positive and thus becoming a positive transition. References: Berry, J. O. (1995). Families and deinstitutionalization: An application of Bronfenbrenner’s social ecology model. Journal of Counseling & Development,73(4), 379-383. Bowes, J, M., Hayes, A. (1999). Children, families and communities: contexts and consequences. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Bowes, J., Grace, R,. & Hayes, A. (2012). The role of context in childrens development. Retrieved from: http://0-www.lib.latrobe.edu.au.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/ereserve/copyright2014/4140321.pdf Bronfenbrenner, U. (1999). Environments in developmental perspective: Theoretical and operational models. Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts, 3-28. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1997). Ecological models of human development. Readings on the development of children, 1993, 37-43. Garbarino, J. (1992). Children and families in the social environment (2nd ed.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (1994). The developmental niche: A theoretical framework for analyzing the household production of health. Social science & medicine, 38(2), 217-226. Harms, L (2010) Understanding human development: a multidimensional approach. Oxford University Press. Miller, F., Osbahr, H., Boyd, E., Thomalla, F., Bharwani, S., Ziervogel, G., †¦ & Nelson, D. (2010). Resilience and vulnerability: complementary or conflicting concepts?. Ecology & society, 15(3). Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J. (2013). Urie bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development: Its evolution from ecology to bioecology. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(4), 243-258. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12022 Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2006). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning Swick, K. J., & Williams, R. D. (2006). An analysis of Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological perspective for early childhood educators: Implications for working with families experiencing stress. Early Childhood Education Journal, 33(5), 371-378. Tudge, J., Gray, J., & Hogan, D. M. (1997). Ecological perspectives in human development: A comparison of Gibson and Bronfenbrenner. Comparisons in human development: Understanding time and context, 72-105.

The Invention and Evolution of the Telephone

The Invention and Evolution of the Telephone In the 1870s, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically. Both men rushed their respective designs for these prototype telephones to the patent office within hours of each other. Bell patented his telephone first and later emerged the victor in a legal dispute with Gray. Today, Bells name is synonymous with the telephone, while Gray is largely forgotten. But the story of who invented the telephone goes beyond these two men.   Bells Biography Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was immersed in the study of sound from the beginning. His father, uncle, and grandfather were authorities on elocution and speech therapy for the deaf. It was understood that Bell would follow in the family footsteps after finishing college. However, after Bells two other brothers died of tuberculosis, Bell and his parents decided to immigrate to Canada in 1870. After a brief period living in Ontario, the Bells moved to Boston, where they established speech-therapy practices specializing in teaching deaf children to speak. One of Alexander Graham Bells pupils was a young Helen Keller, who when they met was not only blind and deaf but also unable to speak. Although working with the deaf would remain Bells principal source of income, he continued to pursue his own studies of sound on the side. Bells unceasing scientific curiosity led to the  invention of the photophone, to significant commercial improvements in Thomas Edisons phonograph, and to development of his own flying machine just six years after the Wright Brothers launched their plane at Kitty Hawk. As President James Garfield lay dying of an assassins bullet in 1881, Bell hurriedly invented a metal detector in an unsuccessful attempt to locate the fatal slug. From Telegraph to Telephone The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bells success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When he began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bells extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, no one had been able to fabricate one- until Bell. His harmonic telegraph was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Talk With Electricity By October 1874, Bells research had progressed to the extent that he could inform his future father-in-law, Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard, about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Hubbard, who resented the absolute control then exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company, instantly saw the potential for breaking such a monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he needed. Bell proceeded with his work on the multiple telegraph, but he did not tell Hubbard that he and Thomas Watson, a young electrician whose services he had enlisted, were also developing a device that would transmit speech electrically. While Watson worked on the harmonic telegraph at the insistent urging of Hubbard and other backers, Bell secretly met in March 1875 with Joseph Henry, the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution, who listened to Bells ideas for a telephone and offered encouraging words. Spurred on by Henrys positive opinion, Bell and Watson continued their work. By June 1875 the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech electrically was about to be realized. They had proven that different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire. To achieve success, they, therefore, needed only to build a working transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies. Mr. Watson, Come Here On June 2, 1875, while experimenting with his harmonic telegraph, the men discovered that sound could be transmitted over a wire. It was a completely accidental discovery. Watson was trying to loosen a reed that had been wound around a transmitter when he plucked it by accident. The vibration produced by that gesture traveled along the wire into a second device in the other room where Bell was working. The twang Bell heard was all the inspiration that he and Watson needed to accelerate their work. They continued to work into the next year. Bell recounted the critical moment in his journal:   I then shouted into M [the mouthpiece] the following sentence: Mr. Watson, come here- I want to see you. To my delight, he came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. The first telephone call had just been made. The Telephone Network Is Born Bell patented his device on March 7, 1876, and the device quickly began to spread. By 1877, construction of the first regular telephone line from Boston to Somerville, Massachusetts, had been completed. By the end of 1880, there were 47,900 telephones in the United States. The following year, telephone service between Boston and Providence,  Rhode Island, had been established. Service between New York and Chicago started in 1892, and between New York and Boston in 1894. Transcontinental service began in 1915.   Bell founded his Bell Telephone Company in 1877. As the industry rapidly expanded, Bell quickly bought out competitors. After a series of mergers, the American Telephone and Telegraph Co., the forerunner of todays ATT, was incorporated in 1880. Because Bell controlled the intellectual property and patents behind the telephone system, ATT had a de facto monopoly over the young industry. It would maintain its control over the U.S. telephone market until 1984, when a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice forced ATT to end its control over state markets. Exchanges and Rotary Dialing The first regular telephone exchange was established in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1878. Early telephones were leased in pairs to subscribers. The subscriber was required to put up his own line to connect with another. In 1889, Kansas City undertaker Almon B. Strowger invented a switch that could connect one line to any of 100 lines by using relays and sliders. The Strowger switch, as it came to be known, was still in use in some telephone offices well over 100 years later. Strowger  was issued  a patent on March 11, 1891, for the first automatic telephone exchange. The first exchange using the Strowger switch was opened in La Porte, Indiana, in 1892. Initially, subscribers had a button on their telephone to produce the required number of pulses by tapping. An associate of Strowgers invented the rotary dial in 1896, replacing the button. In 1943, Philadelphia was the last major area to give up dual service (rotary and button). Pay Phones In 1889, the coin-operated telephone was patented by William Gray of Hartford, Connecticut. Grays pay phone was first installed and used in the Hartford Bank. Unlike pay phones today, users of Grays phone paid after they had finished their call. Pay phones proliferated along with the Bell System. By the time the first phone booths were installed in 1905, there were about 100,000 pay phones in the U.S. By the turn of the 21st century, there were more than 2 million pay phones in the nation. But with the advent of mobile technology, the public demand for pay phones rapidly declined, and today there are fewer than 300,000 still operating in the United States. Touch-Tone Phones Researchers at Western Electric, ATTs manufacturing subsidiary, had experimented with using tones rather than pulses to trigger telephone connections since the early 1940s. But it wasnt until 1963 that dual-tone multifrequency  signaling, which uses the same frequency as speech, was commercially viable. ATT introduced it as Touch-Tone  dialing, and it quickly became the next standard in telephone technology. By 1990, push-button phones were more common than rotary-dial models in American homes. Cordless Phones In the 1970s, the very first cordless phones were introduced. In 1986, the Federal Communications Commission granted the frequency range of 47 to 49 MHz for cordless phones. Granting a greater frequency range allowed cordless phones to have less interference and need less power to run. In 1990, the FCC granted the frequency range of 900 MHz for cordless phones. In 1994, digital cordless phones, and in 1995, digital spread spectrum (DSS), were both respectively introduced. Both developments were intended to increase the security of cordless phones and decrease unwanted eavesdropping by enabling the phone conversation to be digitally spread out. In 1998, the FCC granted the frequency range of 2.4 GHz for cordless phones; today, the upward range is 5.8 GHz. Cell Phones The earliest mobile phones were radio-controlled units designed for vehicles. They were expensive and cumbersome, and had extremely limited range. First launched by ATT in 1946, the network would slowly expand and become more sophisticated, but it never was widely adopted. By 1980, it had been replaced by the first cellular networks. Research on what would become the cellular phone network used today began in 1947 at Bell Labs, the research wing of ATT. Although the radio frequencies needed were not yet commercially available, the concept of connecting phones wirelessly through a network of cells or transmitters was a viable one. Motorola introduced the first hand-held cellular phone in 1973. Telephone Books The first telephone book was published in New Haven, Connecticut, by the New Haven District Telephone Company in February 1878. It was one page long and held 50 names; no numbers were listed, as the operator would connect you. The page was divided into four sections: residential, professional, essential services, and miscellaneous. In 1886, Reuben H. Donnelly produced the first Yellow Pages–branded directory featuring business names and phone numbers, categorized by the types of products and services provided. By the 1980s, telephone books, whether issued by the Bell System or private publishers, were in nearly every home and business. But with the advent of the Internet and of cell phones, telephone books have been rendered largely obsolete.   9-1-1 Prior to 1968, there was no dedicated phone number for reaching first responders in the event of an emergency. That changed after a congressional investigation led to calls for the establishment of such a system nationwide. The Federal Communications Commission and ATT soon announced they would launch their emergency network in Indiana, using the digits 9-1-1 (chosen for its simplicity and for being easy to remember). But a small independent phone company in rural Alabama decided to beat ATT at its own game. On Feb. 16, 1968, the first 9-1-1- call was placed in Hayleyville, Alabama, at the office of the Alabama Telephone Company. The 9-1-1 network would be introduced to other cities and town slowly; it wasnt until 1987 that at least half of all American homes had access to a 9-1-1 emergency network. Caller ID Several researchers created devices for identifying the number of incoming calls, including scientists in Brazil, Japan, and Greece, starting in the late 1960s. In the U.S., ATT first made its trademarked TouchStar caller ID service available in Orlando, Florida, in 1984. Over the next several years, the regional Bell Systems would introduce caller ID services in the Northeast and Southeast. Although the service was initially sold as a pricey added service, caller ID today is a standard function found on every cell phone and available on most any landlines. Additional Resources Want to know more about the history of the telephone? There are a number of great resources in print and online. Here are a few to  get you started: ​The History of the Telephone: This book, now in the public domain, was written in 1910. Its an enthusiastic narrative of the telephones history up to that point in time. Understanding the Telephone: A great technical primer on how analog  telephones (common in homes until the 1980s and 1990s) work.   Hello? A History of the Telephone: Slate magazine has a great slide show of phones from the past to the present. The History of Pagers: Before there were cell phones, there were pagers. The first one was patented in 1949. The History of Answering Machines: Voicemails precursor has been around almost as long as the telephone itself.