World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

World History - Essay Example When we talk of the impact which these civilizations had on us we need to accumulate factors concerning political, social, religious, and scientific impact. The people of those ancient civilizations laid strong foundation in the field of astronomy. The Mesopot The concept of living with a multi-cultural society was basically originated in their civilization. Since the Mesopotamians started their dwelling in between the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates, which was already occupied with Assyrians, Aklad Babylonians, Sumerians etc,. Today we could find multi-cultural societies every where .As a result the impact of one culture lays on the other. The art of predicting the future, the study of astronomy [the stellar movements], the learning of atmospheric sciences all came from Mesopotamian civilization. The Greeks seemed to have excelled in every field. Their civilization was the most influential one. They were the pioneers to built multi-storied buildings, formulated trade routes covering large territories such as Turkey, Cyrus, Egypt, Afghanistan and Scandinavia. Athletics and other art of sports such as â€Å"Bull-leaping†, Marathon was given by them and we still conduct these sports world wide .The Greeks were the first to introduce â€Å"Epic poetry† and â€Å"Lyric†. All the credit goes to Homer, the first person to present Greek Literature. The â€Å"Democratic form of government† and the voting system, the meeting of those people who voted was called as â€Å"assembly† was all their contribution and its impact could be felt obviously. The urbanized culture started from their time onwards. One more important impact is the logical and philosophical approach towards every concept of life, was given by them. The philosopher’s quest resulted in teaching an exact way of moralistic life. The Greeks had the view that the state should be

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Essay Example for Free

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Essay Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures I will explain the basic accounting concepts and business structures from the following topics: GAAP sources and hierarchy; Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles; Difference between Accrual based accounting and cash basis of accounting; Types of business structures and the features of each structure. 1. GAAP sources and hierarchy Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is the set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to prepare their financial statements. GAAP principles are the bases of financial reports and the guidelines of United States accounting practices. There are four categories of sources of GAAP hierarchy as follows: Category (A): FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions; APB Opinions; AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins. Category (B): FASB Technical Bulletins (no longer issued), AICPA Industry Audit and Accounting Guides, AICPA Statements of Position. Category (C): FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, AICPA AcSEC Practice Bulletins. Category (D): AICPA Accounting Interpretations, FASB Implementation Guides (Q and A), widely recognized and prevalent industry practices. The category (a) of the GAAP hierarchy has a higher authority than a FASB Technical Bulletin, which is in category (b).The hierarchy is important because it gives the out layer for companies to search for the specific accounting transactions. For example, if a specific transaction can not be covered in category (a), then companies will turn to categories (b) for selecting and applying appropriate accounting principles, then (c) and (d). 2. Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles Good accounting information should be understandable. If no one can not understand the accounting information presented, it becomes useless to lose all of the other qualities. The good accounting information should be Reliable and Relevant. Reliability means verifiable, representation faithfulness, and free of error and bias. If the accounting numbers are wrong, there is no any meaning to use the information. Relevance means predictive or feedback value presented on a timely basis. The internal managerial accounting reports are different from the external financial reports. The relevant information is needed to prepare the different kinds of reports. The good accounting information should be Comparability and Consistency. The good information can be used to identify the differences and similarities between companies. The company consistently use the same accounting treatment for better auditing purposes. 3. Difference between Accrual basis accounting and cash basis of accounting The revenue recognition principle and the expense matching principle are two key elements for Accrual basis accounting. Company uses accrual basis accounting to recognize income when goods are shipped or services are rendered, and to recognize expense when it is obligated to pay it. On the contrast, cash basis accounting recognizes the revenue and expenses when the cash is received and paid. The cash basis accounting is prohibited under GAAP because it does not record revenue and expense when earned and incurred. It will misstate the actual income and expenses incurred and can not reflect the real business operation during the accounting period. 4. Types of business structures and the features of each structure There are three types of business structures-Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, and Corporation. Sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. It is the simplest form of business ownership. The sole proprietor is in direct control of all affairs and entitled all profits and losses and is free to transfer his interest in the sole proprietorship at will. The disadvantage is that the sole proprietor would be fully responsible for all debts and obligations related to the business. The business would have difficulty in raising capital. Partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associate a partner. Partnership can bring broad resources and unique skills. All the partners share profit and losses, share the right to manage and make major business decisions, have unlimited personal liability for obligation of the partnership. For tax advantage, the partnership does not pay federal income tax; rather, partners file their own individual tax return. Disadvantage is that partners are fully and personally liable for the debts if their partnership. Corporation is a legal entity distinct from its owners (called â€Å"shareholders† or â€Å"stockholders†) and manager. It is easy to raise fund. The major advantage of corporation is that the owners are not personally liable for the obligation. Stockholders are free to transfer their ownership interests. Corporation must pay income taxes on any profits that it makes, and stockholders generally do not have to pay income tax on its profits until they are distributed as dividends. The corporate tax rate generally is lower than the personal tax rate.

A Caribbean Legacy Essay -- Caribbean History Culture Essays

A Caribbean Legacy The notions of slavery, colonialism, and race are indelible aspects of Caribbean history. In order to fathom the current political, social, economic, and cultural climate of the Caribbean one must engage in a critical study and understanding of the impact slavery has had in modern day Caribbean societies. The modes and intricacies of modern day Caribbean societies are intimately related to the plantation systems of the colonial period, which welcomed the arrival of the largest migration in history. Author Michelle Cliff, in her essay "If I Could Write This With Fire," attempts to make sense of the current deplorable social conditions of racial inequality in her native land of Jamaica. It is within this context of understanding the current social and racial strife in Jamaica that Michelle Cliff presents the intimate relationship between past and present. Michelle Cliff, in an ontological manner attempts to unmask the current phenomena of racial strife in Jamaica by considering and examining the disdainful legacies of slavery brought upon by ruthless European colonialism in the Americas. Cliff, like many of the historians, sociologists, and economists which we have encountered in our study of Caribbean history, is partaking in an unmasking process of the Jamaican society in her literature in order to reconcile a ravaged Jamaican and Caribbean identity. Ultimately, Michelle Cliff’s desire to make sense of the Caribbean’s intricate social and cultural mosaic prompted her to "look back," and, as she states in her essay: To try and locate the vanishing point: where the lines of perspective converge and disappear. Lines of color and class. Line of history and social context. Lines of denial and rejection. Wh... ...nges imposed by the plantation system created a hierarchy of color (similar to the one discussed by Michelle Cliff in Abeng, wherein the color of one's skin designated one's occupation and social position). Whiteness indicated economic and political superiority as well as leisure while blackness represented low social status and arduous labor. Consequently, it is quite evident that Knight offers significant evidence affirming the notion that slavery, or in this particular case, the social caste system imposed by the plantations has indeed had a grave influence in the evolution of Caribbean societies. -Footnotes- 1.) Excerpt taken from: Michelle Cliff’s essay, "If I Could Write This With Fire." 2.) ibid (1) 3.) Quote taken from page 124 of: Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. Oxford University Press: New York, 1990.

Personal Skills Inventory Essay

The most important skill in life is learning how to communicate effectively. Working in the business industry communication is important factor in the success of the business and daily tasks such as giving employees’ feedback, writing reports, giving presentations, conducting interviews and sending emails. How we communicate varies among each individual as well as how we perceive our own personal communication skills. While we may think that we are communicating effectively others around us my find that we communicate poorly. Based on my experiences on an off the job, my communicative skills have always been mediocre at best. In order to validate this, I will participate in an online test courtesy of mindtools.com. My decision to choose this communication quiz was based on the depth of details it provided me upon completion of the quiz. The quiz had 15 questions which addresses each stage of the communication process. A score interpretation was provided and also a detailed interpretation for improving my skills in each area. Based on my score interpretation, I am a capable communicator, but I sometimes experience communication problems. I need to take more time to think about my approach to communication, and focus on receiving messages effectively as much as sending them. The encoding part of the communication process was my weakest area. This showed that I have difficulty creating a clear and well-crafted message which often leads to a communication gap. Communication gaps are frequently caused by misdirected, one-way, poorly time, or badly worded communications. In addition, some gaps result from misunderstanding, misinterpretations, and miscommunications. This part of the test really struck home because often during face-to-face communication with my teams I am unaware of how my communication is breaking up which can result in lack of interest in my teams attention and possibly communicating a message that’s unclear and misunderstood. However the test indicated that my online Communication was clearer and effectively delivered. I often use online communication as a secondary tool because way to often text messages and emails are taken out of context but it seems that this type of communication is more effective. To ensure that I communicate in the clearest, most effective way possible for work and future courses such as business communication and psychology I intend to seek additional training with my least proficient communication skills using the many services that Walden has provided such as The writing center, grammarly and the Walden Student Library. To aid me in my journey of better communication I plan to use the directions and opinions of my professors, classmates and employees. Writing Skills: Writing is a process; as in all processes, there is a beginning, middle, and an end. The attitude in which we take toward writing creatively may cause problems in terms of how other writers’ perceive one’s writing skills. Not knowing what to write or how to write effectively is the start of the writer’s breakdown. In this section of my essay I will explain my need for strengthening the writing skills that I already possess and how I plan to use them to my advantage. Whenever I’m faced with a writing project I become tense and stressed, ever since high school I have always suffered from writers’ block which is the inability to remember or think of something you normally can do. In order to get pass this stumbling block I first have to clear my head of any thoughts that could clutter my writing. It’s very hard to be expected to write clearly without having a clear mind. As my high school English would always say â€Å"Don’t blame the reader if he can’t follow your writing†. It is the writer’s job to convey his meaning to the reader, not the reader’s job to figure out what the writer is trying to express. While I have many strong points to my writing I possess weak areas as well, these areas of improve include introductions and conclusions, my introductions are not supportive enough and sometimes weak for my topics, my conclusions in my opinion are always weak, I think because after writing for so long I run out thing to say or support my topics. My goals for my future courses are to submit the perfect papers and earn all points possible, I plan to take advantage of all the resources that Walden has to offer in aiding my success as a student and professional. Time Management Skills: Time management is very important to academic and overall life success. Learning to manage your time effectively can be a headache for people that are trying to juggle work, school, and family life. For me it seems that there is just not enough time in the day to complete all of my tasks successfully. When it comes to effective time management it is important to possess skills and tools that will fit your personal lifestyle. I find it important to try every angle of time management until you determine which one will be most beneficial to you. In my experience with being a Wife, Mother, and working two fulltime jobs time management is a must have, it will aid in deleting some of the stress brought on by a crazy schedule. Some improvements that I would like to make immediately include goal setting, creating a to-do list and organizing. I am the Queen of procrastination and it is my ultimate down fall even though I am fully aware that for an individual to achieve his or her goals it is important that I develop a plan to carry out that goal, which in turn requires effective time management skills. Effective time management is something that will make or break an individual, not only in the academic setting, but also in life as well. According to an online tool â€Å"Keys to Success† Identifying personal time-related needs and preferences is the first step in developing an individualized time management plan. The best way to achieve this is to make up a schedule that incorporates all necessary aspects of your life. This includes school, family, and work. Prioritizing and time saving methods are also recommended. I plan to utilize the practices provided by Keys to Success and my weekly assignment timelines for success in my future courses, home and work life. References http://www.carterkeys.com http://www.mindtools.com Communication in a Changing World 2006 Edition

Life Transitions Essay

The mesosystem is the second structure within Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological model. Bowes & Hayes (1999) describe the mesosystem as the interrelationships between the indivuduals in the microsystem. There is direct collaboration between the individual and their relationships between their microsystem, their behaviors, expectations and values may differ with different experiences (Bowes, Grace & Hayes 2012). Regarding my life transition, the relationships between home and school within the microsystem became stressful, causing a negative impact on myself. Though when looking at figure 2, it is evident that after the stressors had ceased, a strong positive relationship occurred. This example highlights how a negative relationship between two aspects of the microsystem can dramatically change and become a powerful mesosytem agents to the individual effecting their development. Other indirect relationships that still effect the individual are seen in the exosystem. Garbarino (1992) describes the exosystem as a setting in which the individual is not directly involved with, but still has an effect on them through the meso or microsystem. In terms of my life transition, the relationship with my father and his workplace from figure 1 does not affect me directly, though due to this my relationship with my father lessened throughout my transition to University for his working hours increased causing us to spend less time together. The outer most relationships shown in figures 1 and 2 are known as the macrosystem. According to Bowes, Grace & Hayes (2012) the macro system is the broad societal or cultural contexts, cultural beliefs systems and values that are passed through our micro and mesosystems. An example of my personal transition is the government fundings for rural students to study away from home which allowed my financial transition to be much smoother. The last key structure to Bronfenbrenner’ social ecological model is known as the chronosystem. The chronosystem emphasizes the individuals changes or in any of the ecological contexts of development over time (Shaffer & Kipp 2006). An example of my personal transition that was undertaken was the sudden death of my father. It not only changed myself as an individual, but will  continue to affect my across my life span. Harms (2010) created another multidimensional approach within Bronfenbrenner’s model which takes the individuals inner world into consideration as well as their environment. Both Harms and Bronfenbrenner’s models display that though there are different dimensions of the models, they are both connected to each other in multiple ways. Gibsons theoretical framework is another example of a perspective in human development. Both Bronfenbrenner and Gibsons theories involved the concept of there being a strong relationship between the individual and their environment, both have aspects that are focused in change over time Tudge, Gray, & Hogan (1997). Developmental niche is another example of a model based upon different dimentions. Harkness & Super, (1994) define a developmental niche as two processes that are unique to an individual. It is based upon three basic components, the physical and social settings, culturally regulated customs and the psychology of the individual an example of a developmental niche would be the individual and their close friends as it was formed from mutual interests. In addition, the relationships between the structures of an individual’s microsystem can also impact in a similar way. Furthermore when discussing individual development, the concepts of resilience and vulnerability must be seen as factors. In terms of my personal transition, I would haveoriginally been seen as vulnerable, though due to increasing protective factors such as new relationships being formed from my microsystem level, I then would have been deemed resilient as I was able to thrive and adapt to the new change (Miller, Osbahr, Boyd, Thomalla, Bharwani, Ziervogel,†¦ & Nelson 2010). Life transitions occur in individuals lives due to a psychological or environmental change in a particular time in their life. My personal transition that is being discussed was the move from highschool and my home town, to moving to Bendigo and commence University studies. Bronfenbrenners ecological model was used to demonstrate the changed faced in terms of Microsystems, Mesosystems, Exosystem and Macrosystems. There are many other contributing factors that influence an individual and their life changes,  from other theories such as Harms model, as well as Gibsons, to the vulnerability or resilience of the individual. When taking all these aspects into my personal transition, it is clearly shown that my relationships, psychological state and environment have all ended as positive and thus becoming a positive transition. References: Berry, J. O. (1995). Families and deinstitutionalization: An application of Bronfenbrenner’s social ecology model. Journal of Counseling & Development,73(4), 379-383. Bowes, J, M., Hayes, A. (1999). Children, families and communities: contexts and consequences. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Bowes, J., Grace, R,. & Hayes, A. (2012). The role of context in childrens development. Retrieved from: http://0-www.lib.latrobe.edu.au.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/ereserve/copyright2014/4140321.pdf Bronfenbrenner, U. (1999). Environments in developmental perspective: Theoretical and operational models. Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts, 3-28. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1997). Ecological models of human development. Readings on the development of children, 1993, 37-43. Garbarino, J. (1992). Children and families in the social environment (2nd ed.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (1994). The developmental niche: A theoretical framework for analyzing the household production of health. Social science & medicine, 38(2), 217-226. Harms, L (2010) Understanding human development: a multidimensional approach. Oxford University Press. Miller, F., Osbahr, H., Boyd, E., Thomalla, F., Bharwani, S., Ziervogel, G., †¦ & Nelson, D. (2010). Resilience and vulnerability: complementary or conflicting concepts?. Ecology & society, 15(3). Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J. (2013). Urie bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development: Its evolution from ecology to bioecology. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(4), 243-258. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12022 Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2006). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning Swick, K. J., & Williams, R. D. (2006). An analysis of Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological perspective for early childhood educators: Implications for working with families experiencing stress. Early Childhood Education Journal, 33(5), 371-378. Tudge, J., Gray, J., & Hogan, D. M. (1997). Ecological perspectives in human development: A comparison of Gibson and Bronfenbrenner. Comparisons in human development: Understanding time and context, 72-105.

The Invention and Evolution of the Telephone

The Invention and Evolution of the Telephone In the 1870s, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically. Both men rushed their respective designs for these prototype telephones to the patent office within hours of each other. Bell patented his telephone first and later emerged the victor in a legal dispute with Gray. Today, Bells name is synonymous with the telephone, while Gray is largely forgotten. But the story of who invented the telephone goes beyond these two men.   Bells Biography Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was immersed in the study of sound from the beginning. His father, uncle, and grandfather were authorities on elocution and speech therapy for the deaf. It was understood that Bell would follow in the family footsteps after finishing college. However, after Bells two other brothers died of tuberculosis, Bell and his parents decided to immigrate to Canada in 1870. After a brief period living in Ontario, the Bells moved to Boston, where they established speech-therapy practices specializing in teaching deaf children to speak. One of Alexander Graham Bells pupils was a young Helen Keller, who when they met was not only blind and deaf but also unable to speak. Although working with the deaf would remain Bells principal source of income, he continued to pursue his own studies of sound on the side. Bells unceasing scientific curiosity led to the  invention of the photophone, to significant commercial improvements in Thomas Edisons phonograph, and to development of his own flying machine just six years after the Wright Brothers launched their plane at Kitty Hawk. As President James Garfield lay dying of an assassins bullet in 1881, Bell hurriedly invented a metal detector in an unsuccessful attempt to locate the fatal slug. From Telegraph to Telephone The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bells success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When he began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bells extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, no one had been able to fabricate one- until Bell. His harmonic telegraph was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Talk With Electricity By October 1874, Bells research had progressed to the extent that he could inform his future father-in-law, Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard, about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Hubbard, who resented the absolute control then exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company, instantly saw the potential for breaking such a monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he needed. Bell proceeded with his work on the multiple telegraph, but he did not tell Hubbard that he and Thomas Watson, a young electrician whose services he had enlisted, were also developing a device that would transmit speech electrically. While Watson worked on the harmonic telegraph at the insistent urging of Hubbard and other backers, Bell secretly met in March 1875 with Joseph Henry, the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution, who listened to Bells ideas for a telephone and offered encouraging words. Spurred on by Henrys positive opinion, Bell and Watson continued their work. By June 1875 the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech electrically was about to be realized. They had proven that different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire. To achieve success, they, therefore, needed only to build a working transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies. Mr. Watson, Come Here On June 2, 1875, while experimenting with his harmonic telegraph, the men discovered that sound could be transmitted over a wire. It was a completely accidental discovery. Watson was trying to loosen a reed that had been wound around a transmitter when he plucked it by accident. The vibration produced by that gesture traveled along the wire into a second device in the other room where Bell was working. The twang Bell heard was all the inspiration that he and Watson needed to accelerate their work. They continued to work into the next year. Bell recounted the critical moment in his journal:   I then shouted into M [the mouthpiece] the following sentence: Mr. Watson, come here- I want to see you. To my delight, he came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. The first telephone call had just been made. The Telephone Network Is Born Bell patented his device on March 7, 1876, and the device quickly began to spread. By 1877, construction of the first regular telephone line from Boston to Somerville, Massachusetts, had been completed. By the end of 1880, there were 47,900 telephones in the United States. The following year, telephone service between Boston and Providence,  Rhode Island, had been established. Service between New York and Chicago started in 1892, and between New York and Boston in 1894. Transcontinental service began in 1915.   Bell founded his Bell Telephone Company in 1877. As the industry rapidly expanded, Bell quickly bought out competitors. After a series of mergers, the American Telephone and Telegraph Co., the forerunner of todays ATT, was incorporated in 1880. Because Bell controlled the intellectual property and patents behind the telephone system, ATT had a de facto monopoly over the young industry. It would maintain its control over the U.S. telephone market until 1984, when a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice forced ATT to end its control over state markets. Exchanges and Rotary Dialing The first regular telephone exchange was established in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1878. Early telephones were leased in pairs to subscribers. The subscriber was required to put up his own line to connect with another. In 1889, Kansas City undertaker Almon B. Strowger invented a switch that could connect one line to any of 100 lines by using relays and sliders. The Strowger switch, as it came to be known, was still in use in some telephone offices well over 100 years later. Strowger  was issued  a patent on March 11, 1891, for the first automatic telephone exchange. The first exchange using the Strowger switch was opened in La Porte, Indiana, in 1892. Initially, subscribers had a button on their telephone to produce the required number of pulses by tapping. An associate of Strowgers invented the rotary dial in 1896, replacing the button. In 1943, Philadelphia was the last major area to give up dual service (rotary and button). Pay Phones In 1889, the coin-operated telephone was patented by William Gray of Hartford, Connecticut. Grays pay phone was first installed and used in the Hartford Bank. Unlike pay phones today, users of Grays phone paid after they had finished their call. Pay phones proliferated along with the Bell System. By the time the first phone booths were installed in 1905, there were about 100,000 pay phones in the U.S. By the turn of the 21st century, there were more than 2 million pay phones in the nation. But with the advent of mobile technology, the public demand for pay phones rapidly declined, and today there are fewer than 300,000 still operating in the United States. Touch-Tone Phones Researchers at Western Electric, ATTs manufacturing subsidiary, had experimented with using tones rather than pulses to trigger telephone connections since the early 1940s. But it wasnt until 1963 that dual-tone multifrequency  signaling, which uses the same frequency as speech, was commercially viable. ATT introduced it as Touch-Tone  dialing, and it quickly became the next standard in telephone technology. By 1990, push-button phones were more common than rotary-dial models in American homes. Cordless Phones In the 1970s, the very first cordless phones were introduced. In 1986, the Federal Communications Commission granted the frequency range of 47 to 49 MHz for cordless phones. Granting a greater frequency range allowed cordless phones to have less interference and need less power to run. In 1990, the FCC granted the frequency range of 900 MHz for cordless phones. In 1994, digital cordless phones, and in 1995, digital spread spectrum (DSS), were both respectively introduced. Both developments were intended to increase the security of cordless phones and decrease unwanted eavesdropping by enabling the phone conversation to be digitally spread out. In 1998, the FCC granted the frequency range of 2.4 GHz for cordless phones; today, the upward range is 5.8 GHz. Cell Phones The earliest mobile phones were radio-controlled units designed for vehicles. They were expensive and cumbersome, and had extremely limited range. First launched by ATT in 1946, the network would slowly expand and become more sophisticated, but it never was widely adopted. By 1980, it had been replaced by the first cellular networks. Research on what would become the cellular phone network used today began in 1947 at Bell Labs, the research wing of ATT. Although the radio frequencies needed were not yet commercially available, the concept of connecting phones wirelessly through a network of cells or transmitters was a viable one. Motorola introduced the first hand-held cellular phone in 1973. Telephone Books The first telephone book was published in New Haven, Connecticut, by the New Haven District Telephone Company in February 1878. It was one page long and held 50 names; no numbers were listed, as the operator would connect you. The page was divided into four sections: residential, professional, essential services, and miscellaneous. In 1886, Reuben H. Donnelly produced the first Yellow Pages–branded directory featuring business names and phone numbers, categorized by the types of products and services provided. By the 1980s, telephone books, whether issued by the Bell System or private publishers, were in nearly every home and business. But with the advent of the Internet and of cell phones, telephone books have been rendered largely obsolete.   9-1-1 Prior to 1968, there was no dedicated phone number for reaching first responders in the event of an emergency. That changed after a congressional investigation led to calls for the establishment of such a system nationwide. The Federal Communications Commission and ATT soon announced they would launch their emergency network in Indiana, using the digits 9-1-1 (chosen for its simplicity and for being easy to remember). But a small independent phone company in rural Alabama decided to beat ATT at its own game. On Feb. 16, 1968, the first 9-1-1- call was placed in Hayleyville, Alabama, at the office of the Alabama Telephone Company. The 9-1-1 network would be introduced to other cities and town slowly; it wasnt until 1987 that at least half of all American homes had access to a 9-1-1 emergency network. Caller ID Several researchers created devices for identifying the number of incoming calls, including scientists in Brazil, Japan, and Greece, starting in the late 1960s. In the U.S., ATT first made its trademarked TouchStar caller ID service available in Orlando, Florida, in 1984. Over the next several years, the regional Bell Systems would introduce caller ID services in the Northeast and Southeast. Although the service was initially sold as a pricey added service, caller ID today is a standard function found on every cell phone and available on most any landlines. Additional Resources Want to know more about the history of the telephone? There are a number of great resources in print and online. Here are a few to  get you started: ​The History of the Telephone: This book, now in the public domain, was written in 1910. Its an enthusiastic narrative of the telephones history up to that point in time. Understanding the Telephone: A great technical primer on how analog  telephones (common in homes until the 1980s and 1990s) work.   Hello? A History of the Telephone: Slate magazine has a great slide show of phones from the past to the present. The History of Pagers: Before there were cell phones, there were pagers. The first one was patented in 1949. The History of Answering Machines: Voicemails precursor has been around almost as long as the telephone itself.

How to Prepare for the CCNA Exam

How to Prepare for the CCNA Exam Cited consistently by recruiters and hiring managers as one of the most sought-after certifications in the IT industry, the CCNA is one of the most valuable certifications you can have on your resume. Moreover, it’s required for most higher-level Cisco certifications like the CCNP and CCDP (and, by extension, the CCIE). Earning the CCNA demonstrates that you have the ability to configure and support a range of Cisco network devices, along with a strong general knowledge of networking, network security, and wireless networking- all of which are required to support the modern enterprise network. But before you can become a CCNA, you need to pass Cisco exam 640-802 (or, alternately, exams 640-822 and 640-816 together), which is required in order to earn the certification. The CCNA exam is challenging, and passing it definitely requires a lot of work and effort. But with the right focus and preparation, passing the CCNA exam is an achievable goal. To get you started, here are some tips to use in preparing for your CCNA examination. Set a Course of Study The first order of business should be to set the direction for your individual study. Cisco offers a syllabus for the CCNA certification, with a list of topics that are covered. Review this list, print it out and post it, and use it as your guide in crafting your personal course of study. Remember- if its not on the syllabus, its not on the exam, so limit your studies to the topics that Cisco highlights. Identify Your Weaknesses A good next step is to identify those areas where you’re weakest (hint: try a practice exam to help identify those areas)  and make them the focus of your study and practice. Highlight those areas, and set a specific goal towards gaining a good understanding of each. Don’t necessarily neglect your areas of strength completely (you don’t want to forget what you’ve already learned!), but by turning your weaknesses into strengths you can dramatically increase your chances of passing the CCNA exam. Make Time for Study The CCNA isn’t an easy exam to pass, and it covers a lot of ground. And, like any technical discipline, if you don’t work at it on a consistent basis, your knowledge and skills will fade. Set aside a consistent, regular time for study, and make sure that you keep to it. Granted, it can be hard to keep this time blocked out, especially with all of the daily responsibilities and distractions that we all deal with. But the key to passing the CCNA is frequent and consistent study and practice, so it’s critical that you set this time aside, limit your distractions, and stick to the task at hand. Focus on the Details It’s not enough to know the theory behind the concepts presented in the CCNA curriculum. To successfully pass the CCNA exam, you need to how to complete tasks and understand how things get done in the world of Cisco. That’s an important point  because general networking concepts and the way Cisco does things are not always the same- so it’s important to understand the details and specific methods and procedures for implementing different networking technologies, within the Cisco environment. Get Access to Gear This point cant be stressed enough. A big portion of the CCNA exam consists of completing tasks on simulated routers and switches, just as you’ll do them in real life. That’s why it’s critical that you get practice time (preferably a lot of it) on Cisco equipment  so that you can implement what you study within the actual Cisco IOS environment. You can buy or rent pre-configured sets of actual Cisco routers and switches that contain all of the equipment you’ll need to practice for the exam, and these sets are not as expensive as you might think. Also, there are also some excellent simulators out there, that let you configure virtual routers and switches from your personal computer. Take a look at Packet Tracer, which is an excellent tool available from the Cisco Academy, and Graphical Network Simulator 3 (GNS3), which is a free open-source tool that provides a simulated Cisco IOS environment (you can also use it to simulate the Juniper JunOS platform as well). Practice All of the Topics on the Exam, Firsthand Once your practice environment is up and running, make sure you take full advantage of it and practice implementing every protocol and configuration possible, so that you can see how everything works on the actual gear. Remember, things in real life don’t always work the same as they do on paper, and just because a book or guide tells you that a given configuration will produce a given result, nothing beats seeing it for yourself, especially on those (hopefully rare) occasions when the books get it wrong. The key to passing the CCNA exam is preparation  and lots of it. To pass the test, you’ll need to understand networking theory, facts, and practice, and be able to readily utilize the Cisco IOS interface, including specific commands and syntax. But, if you take the time to truly learn the material and get to know your way around Cisco routers and switches beforehand, you should find the test relatively easy to pass.

A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten

A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten A Short List of Synonyms for Shorten By Mark Nichol Shorten is a serviceable word for describing how to reduce the extent or length of something, but some synonyms are available to use in its place. Abbreviate stems ultimately from the Latin verb abbreviare, the root of which is from brevis, meaning â€Å"short†- the same word from which brevity (â€Å"briefness†) and brief are derived. Abridge, which has nothing to do with bridges (it has the same origin as abbreviate), is often used in the sense of diminishing effect or strength or shortening a written compensation by excising parts. To curtail is to limit or reduce as if by cutting (its obsolete predecessor, curtal, referred to cutting an animal’s tail short); its derivation is curtus, Latin for â€Å"short†- which came to be used in English as curt, an adjective usually applied to a brusque statement. Truncate is ultimately from the Latin word truncus, the source of trunk (as well as truncheon- the original term for a billy club- and the rare word obtruncate, which means â€Å"cut the top from†). The original sense is an adjective meaning â€Å"with square or even leaves†- leaves that appear to have been artificially shortened and straightened. Elide means â€Å"omit†; it usually pertains to removing a letter, word, or phrase from a document but also has a general sense of â€Å"shorten†; the noun form is elision. Syncopate means â€Å"cut short,† but it also applies to the linguistic process of syncope, in which part of a word is elided, as in g’day for â€Å"good day.† It’s also the verb form of syncopation, which refers to music rhythm based on giving stress to weak rather than strong beats. There is also a group of short words- often, in their pronunciation, suggestive of abrupt action- that refer to cutting something short, including bob, chop, clip, crop, cut, dock, lop, and snip. Other terms referring to cutting, often in reference to vegetation, include mow, pare, prune, and trim; shave and shear are similar. Prà ©cis, a noun referring to shortening or condensing (from French, and the ancestor of precise), is also a verb; other terms are compress and contract, as well as condense and its close synonym digest (from the sense of the word, also associated with assimilating food into the body, of arranging and dividing). To abstract, profile, and summarize are similar actions, though they involve outlining content rather than reducing its length. Likewise, to epitomize is to serve as an example rather than to actually reduce. Shrinking, meanwhile, involves literally reducing in size rather than abbreviating. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesExcited ABOUT, not "for" Educational vs. Educative

Discussion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion paper - Essay Example The IT issues draught down by authors and researchers are numerous, but some of them which can be highlighted; such as, job security risk, IT network security risk, difficulty in learning new trends of the society, misuse of IT, vulnerability of IT from outer sources of education, hardware/software selection, access, equity, educational society issues in IT, censorship, privacy policies, home use or school use of IT, staff development and training, funding, copyright issues, plagiarism issues and ethics (Sanders 56). All these matters would be judged in provisions of the impact of IT as it has altered the way in which we function in our society. This topic would highlight the aspects of Information Technology which have supported the teaching and learning process in the education sector. The applications of IT has changed a lot in the education field since the last 15 years and all educational institutions including students are availing this facility for learning and teaching purposes with the help of IT (Pea, Wulf, Elliott, Darlin 5). However, the availability of computers at school and home for students have also raised many issues for the educational leaders.

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Final exam - Essay Example It enables the company to have a competitive edge and help in retaining and attracting more customers. It also makes the staff and the workforce become more committed to their work. However, in order to improve the quality of the output, the manager needs to take several steps (Lore, 1998). First, he or she needs to fully understand the customer needs, preferences, as well as, the desired quality and institute mechanisms to provide the level of quality that the customer require. Secondly, the manager should monitor and review the quality of products being produced, in order to improve their demand in the market. This increases the ability of a company to produce higher quality products that are competitive in the market. The next step is that, the manager needs to identify opportunities and threats likely to affect the company. Finally, the manager need to expand the skills of the staff, build their positive attitude towards the company, and ensure that they maximally utilize the ava ilable resources and equipment. Job satisfaction refers to the extent to which the employees gain positive attitude and feelings towards their work and working environment. Job satisfaction encompasses several aspects such as relationship with the colleagues, opportunities for promotion, salary, nature of work, and satisfaction with the supervisor. It also includes the ability to retain the most qualified workers in the company. (Patricia, 2002) The manager takes several steps to ensure job satisfaction. The first one is familiarizing him or herself with the needs of the employee. This is done by considering various ways of launching proper in- servicing for the workers. The second one is motivating the employees, by engaging them in the job that has some degree of challenges and that which offers them an opportunity for greater responsibility. The third one is creating conducive environment for employee to work without building stress, unwarranted worry, and concerns or interferenc e in their personal lives. This goes hand in hand with providing continuous moral support and encouragement to perform better. The manager also show concerns by taking timely action on a given concern. Lastly, he or she creates ways of appreciating the employees for the work done depending on the level of responsibility (Patricia, 2002). Employee’s involvement in decision making refers to creating an environment where employees have their voice, decisions, and actions recognized in the company. The manager needs to acquire skills for planning, analyzing situations, making high quality and timely decisions, and identifying challenges facing the company. He is, therefore, required to set realistic goals and measurable objectives for his company. These measures help to build a cohesive, disciplined, efficient, and effective organization (Cranny (1992). There are a number of ways used by the manager to encourage the employees participate in decision making and problem solving. Th e first one is through consultative forums which take the form of general consultation committees, joint working groups, and direct consultation. The second one is that the employees can own shares. This enables them to share profits and receive all the information that is made available to shareholders. The feeling of ownership instills a sense of responsibility and security in the employees. The third one is

Discussion on rolls of translators in localiczation and translation Term Paper

Discussion on rolls of translators in localiczation and translation memory environment - Term Paper Example Like the rest of the ‘knowledge sector,’ translators are obliged to work on computer screens and do their research using the web. Unlike their colleagues however, they have been propagating this new work environment and fomenting change precisely by their role in translating it. The most significant tool used until now by translators in the digital work environment is Translation Memory software, or TM. By putting the developments of the last 20 years in historical perspective and with particular attention to events over the last two, this article argues that TM is reaching its use-by date. It also examines the strong re-emergence of Machine Translation (MT) in response to TM's inability to cope with the increasing translating needs of today’s digital age. (p. ... For example physicians, public servants, theologians, writers and poets translated the work of their respective fields. (p. 200) The grooming of translation as a profession is based on a century’s time period but shaping translation into a new form of business is a story of recent times, as this paper looks at the work of some of the modern authors, Brian Mossop (2006) is no exception. According to him, â€Å"most changes over the past 20 years have been changes in translation as a business†. (p. 788) Further more, he has written that now days, there are now translations companies provide services internationally and deal with remotely located translators worldwide. He also gave his point of view on localization and wrote: Translation is starting to become a big business, increasingly integrating as suppliers the traditional cottage industry of freelances. The activity known as ‘localization’ has been added to existing translation business sectors, and it i s also one of several sectors where practitioners are in the process of acquiring distinct professional status (along with court and community interpreters). That said, it nay be noted in passing that ‘localization’ of Web page textual content is often just a new label for an old activity, namely free translation / adaptation. (p.788-789) According to Brian Mossop (2006), â€Å"some of the changes under way in the world of translation are not related to information technology at all†. He has used English translation as a global auxiliary language example. He also regarded this development as a new chapter in the history of lingua francas. (p. 788-792) As this paper looks into the work of modern writers and authors, one can not ignore Anthony Pym’s work on globalization and contribution to translation as

FREEDOM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FREEDOM - Essay Example In this paper, I will describe my concept of freedom and why I feel that I am free. I will also explain what idea of freedom people have in their minds and how the meaning of freedom has changed over the years. Some people believe that freedom is something that the Nature has not granted man with. They affirm that life is a sequence of predetermined events that come to us and go leaving signs of happiness or scars of sorrow on our hearts. For them, it is the Nature who has already decided who we are, which race we belong to, what we shall earn, what we shall spend, and where we shall live our lives. This concept is also a part of many religions where people believe that every good and bad comes from God and we are just made to bear that good or bad. Even Shakespeare said that this life is a stage and the human beings are only the actors who have to play their part of the play, and pass on. The strings are in God’s hands. To some extent, I also believe in this thing that God has decided for us many things, just as Leiter (2010) states, â€Å"Religious beliefs involve, explicitly or implicitly, a metaphysics of ultimate reality.† But on the other hand, He has also left a lot ma ny things in our hands too. If he has decided for us who are parents are going to be, what color we shall be, what race we shall belong, what language we shall speak, what religion we shall follow, what relations we shall make, then he also told us what is right and what is wrong and then left us free to choose whichever path we wanted to choose. God told me the right path and then set me free by providing me with equipments to help myself follow that path. He told me the wrong path and then set me free by providing me the resources which I may avail to follow the bad path. Now, it is up to me to choose the right path or the bad one. Then, who says that I am not free? Of course, I am free. I am free to make my own choices. I am free to

Explain which early Tokugawa reforms did the most to stabilize Japan Essay

Explain which early Tokugawa reforms did the most to stabilize Japan and perpetuate Tokugawa rule - Essay Example At the beginning of the Tokugawa period, Japan was shaken by internal disorder and social unrest. In order to restore stability and order, the Tokugawa rulers established a social hierarchy, based on the principles of Confucianism (Hunter; Murphy). Many samurai were disposed of their land, which was concentrated in the hands of the daimyo. The daimyo were put under the direct control of the Shogunate. The land owners were located in the city of Edo, and this social organization was based on inherited position rather than personal merits. It was horizontal in the sense that at the top there was the Emperor, as well as the Shoguns and the daimyo. The lower layer consisted of samurai, followed by peasants, craftsman and merchants. The social structure during the Edo period was an interesting way for the Tokugawa to stabilize the country and to maintain order. The system was elitist in a way that the resources of the country were vested in the hands of very few people, which were under the control of the Shogunate. This hereditary form of autocracy prevented economic and social disputes and riots over land or economic predominance. The social order established by the Tokugawa was a centralized form of governance, which carried some of the features of European feudalism. Another reform, which created stability during the Tokugawa period, was Japan’s transition from trade openness to seclusion. At the beginning of the Tokugawa rule, foreign trade with Europe and the Americas was restricted (Hunter, Murphy). The reason for this major shift in external relations was the Tokugawa fear from the spread of Catholicism in Europe. Although some historians argue that the restrictions on foreign trade, imposed by To kugawa set the beginning of Japan’s economic isolation, they were also a form of protectionism which made Japan impervious to foreign influence. Explain which Meiji era reforms did the most to transform Japan into a modern nation and major military power The Meiji period was a benchmark in Japanese modern history, and marked the beginning of Japan’s ascent to economic and military supremacy. Economically, the Meiji period marked a tremendous shift from the policy of isolation and trade protectionism, which was characteristic of the Tokugawa rule. During the Meiji period, Japan opened its economic borders, and adopted open market economy, based on the Western capitalist model (Hunter, Murphy). The rationale behind the adoption of free market economy was to boost independent entrepreneurs, which at the time were the main component of the Japanese private sector. Open market economy increased competition and industrialization, which quickly transformed Japan from economic ally secluded nation, to one of Asia’s rising economic powers. The implementation of open economy allowed Japan to borrow expertise, knowledge and technology from the developed West, which soon made the country Asia’s leading manufacturer of goods. Other economic reforms included improved banking system and the adoption of unified national currency – the yen. The transformation of Japan in the Meiji period continued with the modernization of the military sector. This period saw the government’s effort to create a small, but well trained army. Army conscription was made compulsory for all men. Japan exchanged military expertise and training with developed nations such as France and USA.

FREEDOM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FREEDOM - Essay Example In this paper, I will describe my concept of freedom and why I feel that I am free. I will also explain what idea of freedom people have in their minds and how the meaning of freedom has changed over the years. Some people believe that freedom is something that the Nature has not granted man with. They affirm that life is a sequence of predetermined events that come to us and go leaving signs of happiness or scars of sorrow on our hearts. For them, it is the Nature who has already decided who we are, which race we belong to, what we shall earn, what we shall spend, and where we shall live our lives. This concept is also a part of many religions where people believe that every good and bad comes from God and we are just made to bear that good or bad. Even Shakespeare said that this life is a stage and the human beings are only the actors who have to play their part of the play, and pass on. The strings are in God’s hands. To some extent, I also believe in this thing that God has decided for us many things, just as Leiter (2010) states, â€Å"Religious beliefs involve, explicitly or implicitly, a metaphysics of ultimate reality.† But on the other hand, He has also left a lot ma ny things in our hands too. If he has decided for us who are parents are going to be, what color we shall be, what race we shall belong, what language we shall speak, what religion we shall follow, what relations we shall make, then he also told us what is right and what is wrong and then left us free to choose whichever path we wanted to choose. God told me the right path and then set me free by providing me with equipments to help myself follow that path. He told me the wrong path and then set me free by providing me the resources which I may avail to follow the bad path. Now, it is up to me to choose the right path or the bad one. Then, who says that I am not free? Of course, I am free. I am free to make my own choices. I am free to

Emotional intelligent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Emotional intelligent - Essay Example The last part will highlight proper practices toward enhancing the emotional intelligence of the employees in the company. The article entitled What is Emotional Intelligence? formally defined emotional intelligence or EI as â€Å"Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth† (Mayer 1). Firstly, the ability-based model is hinged on the assumption that emotions serve as a medium of information that is helpful in social environments and in social relationships. Since not all individuals share the same capabilities on the processing of emotional information, this model presents three common types of emotional abilities: (1) emotional perception highlights the person’s ability to recognize and understand his and other people’s emotions through verbal and non-verbal forms of communication; (2) emotional use banks on the capacity to use emotions to undertake other cognitive abilities; and (3) emotional management looks at the ability to self-regulate emotions of oneself and of other (MTD 23). In all of these models, it can be claimed that studying people’s personal and social competencies is crucial in assessing the overall status of their emotional intelligence. These two realms of EI have been used as guide in coming up with an in-depth examination of EI (Dattner 3). In a research document entitled The Emotional Competence Framework, personal competency has been discussed as a combination of: (1) self awareness that stresses on emotional awareness, accurate self-assessment, and self-confidence; (2) self regulation that underscores self control, conscientiousness, adaptability, and innovativeness; and (3)

Case Assignment Essay Example for Free

Case Assignment Essay a. How did data analysis enable agility/flexibility? Conducting analysis provided SEJ with the opportunity to strategize locations of stores and deliveries of the right products at the right times. b. How did data analysis reduce leftover goods that were perishable? Through the identification of product type, time and frequency, SEJ was able to reduce leftover goods that were perishable. Also, considering weather, local area events, and holidays they were able to adjust their ordering. c. How did electronic data acquisition reduce ordering/delivery lead times? The orders were instantly sent and received by the vendor so the turn-around time was reduced. Trending these orders also allowed the vendors to be prepared with the items. d. What statistics did Seven-Eleven find that determined the success of a new store? They used several data points including, demographics for age, population, income etc. They considered local foot traffic, nearby schools, buildings and subways. They also balanced it with impacts of other local stores. e. How did Seven-Eleven share data electronically with its supply chain partners? They used their handheld terminals in each store to order directly through to the vendors. This data was also captured for analysis and transportation. 3. If you were to design an analogous information and data analysis system for DCMA to oversee contractors and subcontractors: a. What would the goals of that system be? For me trending issues with sub-tier suppliers should be addressed. Currently we are very poor at sharing information within our offices and across the organization. A large scale supply chain mapping, rating and tracking system with feedback from all employees would help in being predictive about potential delivery and quality issues. b. What data would you want to collect and how would you want to â€Å"data mine† it, or analyze the data to improve the performance of the contractor network and become aware of problems earlier? I would include both subjective and objective observations. Tracking delayed deliveries, their reasoning, CARs, Supplier CARs and supplier ratings or actions against their sub-tier would be the first step. I would also include subjective analysis by supply chain specialist to identify other areas of potential concern that may not have developed to the point of SCARs or delays.

Naturalism in Sister Carrie

Naturalism in Sister Carrie There was much debate to whether Dreiser was a naturalist after the model of Zola. But if this denomination is reflected by the acceptance of the sordid side of life and a more faithful registration of personal experience, then it can be a characteristic of his work. He was an objective realist who remotely brought together his facts but at the same time he was more. ( Spiller et all, 1963: 1039) In the case of Dreisers Sister Carrie a novel that has been repeatedly classified in separate accounts as a work of literary realism and literary naturalism the exact opposite seems to hold true. Featuring elements of two of the most prominent literary movements of the time in which it was written, the very consistency of Sister Carrie seems to be built on the combination of discrepant parts. Dreiser attains such combinatorial proficiency by operating with a rather distinct method of characterization, correlating the traits of particular characters (primarily Carrie) with a variety of forms of imagery employed to describe the external circumstances that affect them. By joining realistic descriptions with naturalistic intentions in dealing with his characters, Dreiser is able to connect the vastness between literary genres, not only overcoming literary divisions. ( Decker, 1997, 2) Being the subject of various critics, Dreiser stated his intention with Sister Carrie in one interview in June 1907: Here is a book that is close to life. It is intended not as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but as a picture of conditions done as simply and effectively as the English language will permit. To set up and criticize me for saying vest instead of waistcoat, to talk about my splitting the infinitive and using vulgar commonplaces here and there, when the tragedy of a mans life is depicted, is silly ( qtd. In Pizer, 1991: 13)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Sister Carrie is often referred to as a pattern of realist literature because of its very down-to-earth descriptive technique. By presenting a behind-the-scenes view of daily life in Chicago and New York often from the two very different perspectives of Carrie and Hurstwood Dreiser illustrates what actually happens in places the reader might know only tangentially. Such objectivity permitted Dreiser to concentrate on the fundamental qualities of ordinary human experience while at the same time representing larger sociocultural notions and values. A context as this serves to provide the novel in general with two of its most characteristic themes: the individual seeking his fortune in the big city and perhaps only achieving tragic failure, so often described by the French and American Realists; and, frequently in association with this, the milieu studies of such writers as Dreiser (qtd. in Decker, 1997: ). Integrating accurate description s of everyday experience in a collection of apparently vast American settings, the fiction of Theodore Dreiser has thus been easily recognized in light of realist descriptive technique (Phillips 572).   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Literary naturalism developed out of realism and Darwins biological theories Those in favour of a naturalistic approach to and interpretation of life concentrated on depicting the social environment and dwelt particularly on its deficiencies and on the shortcomings of human beings. The naturalists vision of the estate of man tended to be subjective and was very often somber (Naturalism 537-8). Naturalist authors refocused the objective of the realist novel by examining the unintelligible influences of biology and culture on man to expose the weakness of the human condition. By detecting the impossibility of human understanding, naturalist authors depicted experience as a assemblage of events generated by innate cultural and biological inheritances. Rather than trying to bring to light and describe the nature of specific social and cultural truths, naturalists proved readers that the facts themselves were in reality driven by grea ter and often incomprehensible sociobiological forces (qtd. in Decker, 1997, 2)).   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Evocative of a rather deterministic message, Sister Carrie has also been often referred to as a work of literary naturalism (qtd in Decker,). In this view, the city settings in which the plot develops are means for the various social and biological forces that drive the action of this novel. Both Carrie and Hurstwood are stimulated by external and internal forces that are beyond their individual powers of control. The descriptions of the characters, then in particular those involving external appearances and settings to internal traits illustrate how deeply these individuals are influenced by factors inexplicable to them. The original message of Sister Carrie the futility and mystery of life-guiding forces considering the intriguing vagaries of fortune is therefore a readily naturalistic one (Walcutt 266-9).   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Even though literary realism and naturalism are often seen as different and discordant modes of representation in the American literary canon, the movements in theme as well as in description are not mutually absolute. The appearance of American naturalism in the late 19th century did not mark any ultimate rupture with literary realism. In fact, some critics see naturalism as a logical extension of realism, building upon the knowledge of the time and expressing thought in an updated fashion (qtd. in Decker). Bearing such ideas in mind, it would seem deductively unsupported to assume that certain authors writing at the turn of the 20th century did not exploit particular aspects of divergent literary movements to reflect overarching ideologies of the time.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Writing in 1900, Dreiser certainly would have been aware of the stylistic elements of both literary movements. With the tools of each of these modes of address at his disposal, Dreiser was able to portray realistic settings and descriptions while maintaining an underlying naturalistic message one revealing the powerlessness of the individual in a morally confused society. The chief accomplishment of such a combination that of literary realism and naturalism in Sister Carrie occurs through the correlation of Carries physical appearance with what one might consider inherent personality traits.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The various realistic character descriptions in Sister Carrie render a very naturalistic message by their correlation with internal traits and motivations. Although the novel continually and quite dispassionately observes the conditions of ordinary life, Sister Carrie also centers the attention on the total absence of ethical plot conflict (the presence of which would be notable in a strictly realist novel). Even if its motion is depicted realistically, Sister Carrie is not reliant on determined acts by any of its main characters (Walcutt 270-2). One of the greatest sources of such external / internal conflict occurs in repeated instances of sea imagery within the novels context. This is particularly relevant to the initial characterization of Carrie.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   With the wane of the afternoon went her hopes, her courage, and her strength. On every hand, to her fatigued senses, the great business portion grew larger, harder, more stolid in its indifferenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Men and women hurried by in long shifting lines. She felt the flow of the tide of effort and interest felt her own helplessness without quite realizing the wisp of the tide that she was (21). The novel begins with Carrie finding herself in an unfamiliar and unstable environment, she feels that she is utterly subject to a force greater than that of her own personal agency. Carries job-seeking efforts are described is extremely realistic ones. The circumstances of trying to obtain a working position in a low social place are faithfully portrayed, including their potential effects such a hardship might have on the individual psyche (.Decker) Yet, when one judges the primary motivation in this quote, it becomes obvious that there is a naturalistic message emphasizing the abovementioned realistic descriptions. This message of whose implications Carrie is not aware is one that paints man as a helpless organism in a sea of forces above and beyond his control and understanding. Finding a job seen as an internal motivation, one marked by realistic description is merged with an external nature that evades any decisive human control. A debate on internal motivation might be inte rpreted as one of the ways in which Dreiser combines realistic description with naturalistic intention in order to triumph over the strict difference between literary realism and naturalism.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Such correspondence between realistic descriptions and naturalistic intention can also be found in the concrete characterization of Carrie. Dreiser frequently compares Carries physical and mental composition, utilizing the forces of literary realism to convey actual descriptions while employing naturalistic techniques to provide an underlying message.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Caroline, or Sister Carrie, as she had been half affectionately termed by the family, was possessed of a mind rudimentary in its power of observation and analysis. Warm with the fancies of youth, pretty with the insipid prettiness of the formative period, possessed of a figure promising eventual shapeliness and an eye alight with certain native intelligence (Dreiser 2). This way, Carrie is made a preface, her character is depicted in two ways: first, through the description of her mental traits, and second, through the description of her physical appearance. By the realistic portrayal of Carries looks, Dreiser hints at who Carrie is. By then placing both physical and mental characteristics within the bounds of a single phrase, Dreiser makes a very naturalistic argument. This claim that the forces of biology have not contoured the way Carrie looks but also the way she thinks and acts is one that strengthens the concept of the frailty of human understanding. This is significant considering the overall attitude to Sister Carrie can be regarded as a reflection of biological determinism convoyed by a conviction that the course of narrated events has neither order nor direct accessibility to mans intellect (Walcutt 277). By revealing the reader that Carries mental qualities are established exclusively on features beyond her control, Dreiser formulates t he naturalistic reason that human agency is driven by a greater force than that of the consideration of individual characters as well as novels final motion. In this way, the early presentation of Carries personality combines realistic description with naturalistic meaning that of biological stimulus and mans limited discernment to exceed the bounds of literary genre.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  moreover,  Dreiser employs similar physical descriptions to show how Carries mental and emotional traits are viewed by others in this novel.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  He looked at her pretty face and it vivified his mental resources. She was a sweet little mortal to him there was not doubt of that. She seemed to have some power back of her actions. She was not like the common run of store-girls. She wasnt silly (53). By this quote, Dreiser familiarizes his reader with Drouets perspective, who sees Carrie from the perspective of her beauty. By realistically comparing her physical appearance with the common run of store-girls,(53) Owing to his vast knowledge with women Drouet concludes that Carrie is not only more physically attractive than the average-looking woman of the period, but also gifted with more agency. This quote speaks about the realistic description of Carries physical qualities to the sphere of the naturalistic by disclosing the biological basis of mental traits. The description of Carries physical traits in this passage suggests the tone of naturalism through realistic depiction, demonstrating that Carries personality is nothing other than an increase of her biological composition. By presenting Carrie through the eyes of a knower (Drouet), Dreiser shows that even other individuals morally corrupted society in where the narrative is set, are blinded by the expression of physical tra its. Dreiser therefore mingles realistic descriptions of Carrie with a naturalistic implication to show the limitations of rigorously defining literary realism and naturalism.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Dreiser also conveys the combination of literary realism with naturalism by directly addressing physical influences on mental and emotional qualities.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   To the untraveled, territory other than their own familiar hearth is invariably fascinating. Next to love, it is the one thing which solaces and delights. Things new are too important to be neglected, and mind, which is a mere reflection of sensory impressions, succumbs to the flood of objects (217). This quote is meant directly for the reader. In Dreisers fiction, there is often an explicit correlation between the narrator and the author himself. By temporarily assuming the role of the narrator, Dreiser is able to insert his own personal opinions directly into the text without assuming an overly authoritative tone (qtd in Decker, 6). By addressing the reader directly, Dreiser is able to express his naturalistic message bluntly by making the most of realistic descriptions, thus bridging the disparity between literary realism and literary naturalism.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  A final example that demonstrates the overlap between literary realism and naturalism in Dreisers Sister Carrie occurs at the novels conclusion. At this point in the plots progression, the relationship between realistic description and naturalistic intent has become fairly evident. The combination of literary movements is further enhanced when Dreiser directly attributes Carries success as an actress (based on naturalistic motivation) to the acknowledgment of her very realistically described physical beauty.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Now because Carrie was pretty, the gentlemen who made up the advance illustrations of shows about to appear for the Sunday papers selected Carries photo along with others to illustrate the announcement. Because she was very pretty, they gave it excellent space and drew scrolls around it. At the same time there seemed very little in her part. It consisted of standing around in all sorts of scenes, a silent little Quakeress. Carrie was the chief feature of the play. The audience, the more it studied her, the more it indicated its delight. Every other feature paled beside the quaint, teasing, delightful atmosphere which Carrie contributed while on stage (Dreiser 351-3).   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   At the novels conclusion, Dreiser shows the reader that Carrie has risen above her former station in life one initially marked by a feeling of almost overwhelming helplessness. Dreiser also points out, however, that Carrie has achieved her position as a well-known actress only through others recognition of her physical beauty a trait that was marked as causing her heightened mental and emotional prowess from the novels very inception. Carries part as an actress consists only of standing around and frowning acting which fails to lend itself to her potential mental fortitude. In effect, then, Carrie has risen above and beyond her initial rank in life by ends outside her control and understanding. By realistically describing the announcement of her part in the papers as well as the actual role itself, Dreiser shows the reader how Carrie has advanced naturalistically on the basis of her physical attractiveness to members of the o pposite sex. In this conclusion, then, Dreiser utilizes realistic descriptions in order to convey the naturalistic notion that it is only Carries beauty that contributes to her inner being and her ultimate success. With this idea in mind, Dreiser definitively binds realistic description to the naturalistic notion of helplessness and misunderstanding to dispel the boundaries between literary movements.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Although traditionally referenced as a work of either strict literary realism or naturalism, Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie is a novel that incorporates certain aspects of each of these movements to overcome the boundary seemingly inherent between the two. Through the pervasive combination of realistic description with the naturalistic dismissal of individual power and understanding, Dreiser, writing at the turn of the 20th century, bridges the expanse between these two literary movements. Utilizing realistic descriptions of internal motivations and physical descriptions, Dreiser gives the reader an accurate sense of who Carrie is and what her world is like. Dreiser also conveys a naturalistic message in his novel one marked by the misunderstanding of a morally oblivious society regarding various underlying behavior-governing forces. By frequently comparing Carries physical appearance to her emotional and mental composi tion, Dreiser shows the reader that seemingly personal qualities are based on strictly sociobiological foundations. By utilizing realistic descriptions of Carries physical attributes to contribute to his naturalistic message, Dreiser bridges the gap between literary realism and naturalism and proves that strict holistic coherence need not be based on readily compatible parts.

Third World Technology Use Essay -- Mexico Internet Web Mexican Essays

Third World Technology Use In recent years, information has been a hot topic. What is information and what purpose does it serve? Is information a commodity or a necessity? The insurrection of this interest is partly, if not entirely, a product of the increasing popularity of the Internet , the information superhighway and of Information technology. Deedee Halleck points out in her article, "Zapatistas On-Line" , how in the past two years, the indigenous people of the Mexican state of Chiapas have clearly answered many of these questions. It is ironic that the Internet has been used at a very powerful potential by people whom we would never even picture in the same room as a computer. The Zapatistas have used information as a high-tech weapon, proving that words are the best weapon. Their discussion and dissemination of information on the net has helped to publicize the Zapatistas' issues in alternative media outlets, and to mobilize caravans which have brought medical and food aid to Chiapas(Cleaver 1995). Mo st amazing is the pressure that these powerless peasants have been able to put on the Mexican government. Perhaps some background on the Zapatistas may be helpful here. On New Years Day, 1994, peasant rebels took over six towns, including San Cristobal de las Casas, in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas and declared war. Chiapas is one of the poorest states in Mexico, suffering from job declines in coffee and oil production, and with a large ethnic population of Mayan Indians. The rebels call themselves the Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacion Nacional (EZLN). The Zapatistas are a group of rebels which includes both men and women whose purpose is to fight for their rights, particularly for work, land, housing, food, h... ...lity Debate" Chiapas95. Online. U of Texas. Internet. 21 March 1995. Cleaver, Harry M. "The Chiapas Uprising and the Future of Class Struggle in the New World Order" U of Texas at Austin. Internet. 22 March 1995. hmcleave@mundo.eco.utexas.edu Cleaver, Harry M. "Propaganda: White Washing the Mexican Crisis" Chiapas-1. Online. U of Texas at AUstin. Internet. 18 September 1995 Halleck, Deedee. "Zapatistas On-Line" Report on Culture, NACLA Report on the Americas. Sept/ Oct 1994. Watson, R. et al. "Rebels use Internet" Newsweek. Feb 27, 1995 Wood, Darin. "Netwars. Chiapas: The Revolution will not be Televised (but it will be on-line)" Online. Internet. June 1995. Available WWW: http://www.oneworld.org/index _ oc/wood.html Young, Elliot. "Netwars? or Cyberspace and Ungovernability" Chiapas-1. Online. Colegio de la Frontera. Internet. 20 March 1995.

How Does Steinbeck Present Curly’s Wife

Of mice and men’ is one of Nobel Prize winning author John Steinbecks most poignant. ‘ Set in the 1930s during the Great Depression it features two farm workers called George ad Lenny. The travel around together in search of work sharing a dream of a place of their own- a small ranch where they can live and work for themselves. It tells the story of how violence may erupt to destroy those dreams. Curley’s wife- as she is known to the audience- is the only women on the ranch. Without the identity of a name she is known only by association of the man she doesn’t even like. Despite her marriage to Curley she flaunts herself around the ranch in inappropriate clothing ‘she had full rouged lips†¦She wore a cotton housedress and red mules,’ flirting with ranch hands and is conscious of the effect she has on men. These clothes and her behaviour I think are designed to provoke interest and attention rather than to invite intimacy. She seems preoccupied with strategies to avoid detection from her husband and manages this by continuously asking of his whereabouts. ‘Have any of you boys seen Curley? ’ Like George, Lenny and later on Candy, Curley’s wife has a dream despite it being one of great contrast to theirs. She has an ambition to work in films ‘coulda been in the movies and worn nice clothes’ and this is no doubt stemmed from her desire for attention and is linked to her loneliness and insecurities on the ranch as she bitterly resents not being treated as an individual. Men make promises to her ‘he says he was gonna out me in the movies’ but she appears to lack the intelligence to realise the emptiness of their promises. The perceptions we make of Curley’s wife are corrupted from the views of the ranch hands. Because sexuality is her only weapon she is referred to as ‘jailbait’ and ‘ a tart’ ‘Jesus what a tramp. George has reason to be weary of her presence especially with Lenny around and the incident in Weed. ‘Listen to me you crazy bastard†¦ Don’t you even look at that bitch Curley’s wife is first presented to us on page 32 ‘ the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off’ a girl was standing there looking in’ Curley’s wife has brought darkness supposedly symbolising the potential danger of her character. During the last chapter Steinbeck cleverly attempts to alter our perception of Curley’s wife by portraying her in a different light. During chapter five, Lenny has just killed one of Slim’s puppies by clumsily petting it. His tendency to inflict damage through trying to show affection is become more prominent. Steinbeck creates an atmosphere of tragedy and doom in which the reader is aware of Lenny’s anxiety ‘and rattled the halter chains. ’ Curley’s wife enters wearing ‘a bright cotton dress’ and ‘red ostrich feathers’ and the reader already knows of Lennies attraction the colour red which creates a sense of painful inevitability. Her face is ‘made up’ and her ‘curls’ are in place†¦ This suggested to me that she has obviously made herself as seductive as possible. Curley’s wife is attracted to Lenny because he has got the better of her husband. I think she has worked out an arrangement to ensure that Lenny and her will be alone without interruption but Lenny is acutely aware of George’s instructions to avoid conversation with her aswell as the consequences of not being able to ‘tend he rabbits. ’ She is desperate to talk to him ‘you’re a nice guy, why can’t I talk to you? ’ and when getting the chance to do so the words pour out of her in her passion for communication although Lenny barely listens. Here she describes her desire to be an actress, her naivete in thinking her ‘old lady’ had stolen the letter and why she married Curley and not liking him. Yet it is as this point that despite her provocative dress sense and her sensuality we realise that she wants only to talk to Lenny ‘why can’t I talk to you? I never talk to nobody. I get awful lonely’ and comfort him when he tells her how he has killed the puppy, ‘don’t you worry none. ’ Steinbeck has cleverly created a more passionate portrayal, someone we can feel sympathy for. At the point where Curley’s wife offers for Lenny to stroke her hair ‘feel right round there, feel how soft it is’ the audience are uncertain as to whether this is an innocent, childish act referring to its texture or that she is knowingly leading Lenny towards a sexual encounter. It is also apparent at this period, of how young she actually is, the act of stroking hair is very harmless and childlike, not what we would expect of her character earlier in the novel. She is likened to a little girl who wants to feel physical contact without sexual trace. When Lenny is petting Curley’s wife’s hair he proceeds in ‘mussing it up’ I noticed how she only struggled when she came to this realisation again pointing to her self-image and vanity. Lenny mistakenly breaks Curley’s wife’s neck and is fatally killed. Lenny escapes and we are left with a desciption of the setting of the barn and of her, ‘and the meanness and the planning’s and the discontent and the ache for attention were all gone from her face’ here Steinbeck sums up everything we already know about her but in a way that transforms the way we think about her. Still with flawless skin she appears ‘pretty and simple†¦sweet and young’ a complete contrast to what is perceived of her in earlier chapters. I think her death could have just as well of been caused by Lenny’s unthinking roughness as by any decisions of hers that things had gone to far. A ‘shepherd bitch’ symbolises an entity that Curley’s wife will never possess, this being children ‘jumped in among the puppies. ’ Curley’s wife is undoubtedly one of the most poignant characters in the novel and one that Steinbeck portrays his feeling for than any other character.

Health Care Ethics

The Bartling case was about whether William Bartling had the right, over the objection of his physicians and the hospital, to have life-support equipment disconnected despite the fact that withdrawal of such devices will surely hasten his death. When he entered Glendale Adventist Hospital in California in 1984, he was known to be suffering from emphysema and diffuse arteriosclerosis, coronary arteriosclerosis, abdominal aneurysm, and inoperable lung cancer.At the end, He had to use mechanical respiratory and chest tube to assist his breathing in the ICU. Although each of these conditions could individually be lethal, he was not diagnosed as terminally ill. At first, Mr. Bartling asked his physicians to remove the ventilator but they refused. Then Mr. Bartling attempted to remove the ventilator tubes but was unsuccessful. Eventually, to prevent his attempt, he was placed in restraints so that the tubes could remain in place. The case was taken to Los Angeles Superior Court by Mr. Scot t.Because he was not considered terminally ill, the court refused either to allow the respirator to be disconnected or to order that Mr. Bartling’s hands be freed. At the second time, the case was taken to the California Court of Appeal. However, the result was that Mr. Bartling had the right to make his own decision, which was obviously different with the first time. So I think the main issue in this case is about patient’s decision-making capacity, specifically, when patient is able to make make the decision of his own medical treatments.

Technical Data Corporation

Harvard Business School 9-283-072 Rev. December 1, 1987 Th Jeff Parker was 38 years old, and held BS (1965), Master of Engineering (1966) and MBA (1969) degrees from Cornell University. After receiving his MBA, Parker had been employed in a number of positions in the investment industry. From 1969 to 1971, he worked for Smith Barney is m This case was prepared as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 1983 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise — without the permission of Harvard Business School. Distributed by HBS Case Services, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA 02163. Printed In U. S. A. 1 at er ia Jeff Parker lc an Since it was founded, TDC had proved t o be a more successful venture than Parker had thought probable when he started the company. By mid-1982, the company's revenues were running at an annual rate in excess of $1,000,000 and net profits after taxes were at a $270,000 annual rate. o tb e re Technical Data had been established in November of 1980. The necessary funds for starting the company had been raised by selling a package of debentures and stock representing 10% of the equity in the company to outside investors for $100,000. Parker retained 85% of the company. The outside investors were all active participants in the bond market. pr od uc ed Interdata Corporation supplied a wide variety of economic data and information services to a broad spectrum of firms. Interdata was a privately-held company with 1981 revenues of approximately $83 million. w ith u tp Technical Data was a supplier of data analysis services to the financial community specifically, to participants in the bond market, including bond traders, bond s alesmen, pension fund managers and bankers. er m is si on Technical Data Corporation fro m Scribbled at the bottom of the last worksheet was Parker's initial estimate of the value of his company. His calculations indicated a range of reasonable values from $5 to 10 million. Parker was somewhat aghast at the magnitude of this amount, given the firm's somewhat modest start only one and one-half years previously.When TDC was created in November, 1980 the total capitalization of the company was under $200,000. LA D C us to Jeff Parker, President of Technical Data Corporation (TDC), was going over some worksheets he had recently prepared. He was scheduled to meet the next day with Will Hollister, Chairman of Interdata Corporation. Hollister had asked Parker to discuss a possible investment by Interdata in TDC. Eventually, Hollister had said, Interdata was interested in buying the whole company. m Pu b lis h in g Technical Data Corporation . 283-072 Technical Data CorporationHarris Upham as a fixed income securities salesman. From 1972 to 1975, he was Vice President and Manager of the Corporate Bond Department of A. G. Becker. From 1975 to mid-1977, Parker helped develop a west-coast based bond operation for Loeb Rhoades. In mid-1977, Parker left San Francisco to come to Boston to work for Fidelity Management as a senior, fixed income portfolio manager. At Fidelity, Parker was responsible for managing the fixed income portion of a number of large pension fund portfolios. Th is Virtually all of the data analysis services embodied in TDC's product had been developed by Jeff Parker.During the period he had been employed as a bond trader and as a portfolio manager, he had written a number of proprietary programs to analyze bond data. In 1980, Parker had purchased an APPLE II micro-computer. He transferred all the programs he had developed over the years on large time-sharing systems so that they would run on the APPLE. The process of producing the â€Å"pages† to be sent out over the Telerate system was fairly simple. The requisite data were typed into the APPLE by a clerical worker. Then, the individual 2 m Also, TDC had introduced a number of new analytical services for use by traders of longterm bonds.By April of 1982, the company had expanded the number of pages of information offered from 19 to 40. There were always new ways to analyze or present data on yields and prices. at er ia lc Over the year and a half that the business had been in existence, a number of improvements had been made in the basic product. For example, when first introduced, the analysis of bond prices, yields and futures prices was updated only once a day. However, Technical Data had recently hired someone to update the data and analysis more frequently, in some cases as often as hourly. In the longer run, plans called for continuous updating by computer. n no tb e re pr TDC charged approximately $150. 00 per month per customer for access to its services. This fee was extremely modest in comparison to the other costs incurred by bond market professionals. By mid-1982, the company had over 500 paying subscribers, slightly under 10% of all the Telerate screens in existence. A representative list of customers is provided in Exhibit 2. od uc ed w Technical Data had the right to send out up to 40 â€Å"pages† of information over the Telerate system. Then, Telerate customers could contract separately with TDC to buy access to the TDC pages.Otherwise, the Telerate user could not gain access to the information. ith ou tp er The method of distributing the product was somewhat unusual. The data analysis was sent out over a computer network known as Telerate, the dominant distributor of fundamental data (e. g. , prices and volumes) in the bond business. By mid-1982, Telerate had over 6,000 customers, each of whom had a computer terminal linked electronically to Telerate's central computer. m is si on fro m The product had several components, all designed to provide information useful to bond market traders.For example, one service provided by TDC was an analysis of yield spreads on government securities of different maturities (e. g. , the difference between the yield available on a short-term treasury bill and the yield to maturity on a long-term government bond). A description of the basic product is contained in Exhibit 1. LA D C us to Parker left Fidelity in late 1980 to form TDC. The business plan called for the company to develop an information analysis system for sale to participants in the fixed-income securities business. The latter group would include bond traders, fixed-income salesmen, bankers and pension fund managers. Pu b lis h A Brief History of Technical Data Corporation in g . Technical Data Corporation 283-072 analysis programs were run to create summary reports useful to traders in the bond market. These reports were in turn transmitted directly to the Telerate central computer for transmission over the Telerate system. By mid-1982, TDC had 6 employees, including Parker. Parker was responsible for generating most of the ideas about product enhancements or new product introductions. Jody Morse, a Vice President of the firm, was in charge of office operations.Marketing of TDC's products was done on three levels. First, the Telerate system had certain pages set aside for advertisements. Also, advertisements were placed directly in relevant trade journals. The second level of marketing entailed direct contact by an employee of TDC on the phone. Possible users were identified and a phone call was placed to describe the product in some depth. Parker employed two people in this capacity. He called them â€Å"smilers and dialers. † The third level of marketing was done by Parker. Parker actively sought national exposure in the media.He made numerous presentations during meetings of bond market professionals. And, he made himself easily available to reporters for comments on current conditions in the bond markets. By mid-1982, Technical Data had an excellent reputation for delivering a high quality yet inexpensive product which was useful to investors in fixed income securities. Th Telerate had experienced tremendous growth over the past few years. The number of terminals in place was expected to reach 7,000 over the next year and a half. The company was just beginning to expand into the European market.A further complication in defining the size of the potential market for TDC was that there were suppliers of financial data other than Telerate. It was entirely feasible to provide the basic TDC services over other networks. And, perhaps even more importantly, the scope of TDC's product line could easily be expanded so that the potential market would be very large. In the last decade, there had been an 3 is m at er This list shows the approximate distribution of the existing Telerate customer base. However, Telerate had not come close to capturing 100% of all th e possible consumers of financial data on fixed-income securities. a lc an Total no Customer Type -U. S. Banks Brokers Mortgage Bankers Savings & Loans Insurance Companies Trading Operations and Money Managers Miscellaneous w ith Defining the market to which TDC's products were directed was somewhat difficult. A narrow definition suggested that the current subscribers to the Telerate system were the market. In turn, the distribution of Telerate's customers by type of business is given below: ou Telerate Systems, Inc. Approximate % of Total U. S. 20 % 25 20 7 2 20 6 100 % tb e re pr od uc ed tp er m The Market is si on fro m LA D C us to m Pu b lis h in g . 283-072Technical Data Corporation explosion in the number of types of securities in which money could be invested: stock options, financial futures, bond options, futures contracts on stock market indices were all relatively new investment media. Investors were hungry for information which would help them deal with the myriad choi ces among securities, and it was to this market that TDC would provide its services. For example, the company could provide a service similar to its bond market service to investors in common stocks. The dominant supplier of data in the stock market was a company called Quotron.Quotron had over 50,000 terminals around the world as compared with the 6,000 Telerate terminals. TDC could arrange to distribute a stock analysis service over the Quotron system on terms similar to those governing TDC's relationship with Telerate. It was also possible that TDC could deliver its current bond-based product to Quotron subscribers. To give some idea of the scope of possible products and distribution media, a copy of the Technical Data corporate charter is provided as Exhibit 3. The Competition Th is The company intended in the Fall of 1982 to introduce a brand new service over the Telerate system.Whereas the existing product provided data analysis of longer-term government securities and the rel ated financial futures, the new product would provide similar analysis for short-term financial securities (e. g. , U. S. Treasury Bills, certificates of deposit, and bankers's acceptances). Specialization by investors in the long-term or short-term end of the market suggested that there would not be much overlap in the client base. Both sets of customers, however, were very likely to have Telerate screens already installed as Telerate supplied raw data on securities of all maturities. m Parker had developed a strategic plan for the next several years which called for continued expansion and refinement of the company's current Telerate-based product. at er ia lc Future Plans and Projections an no Parker believed he had a significant advantage over other competitors, given his substantial knowledge of the market. His experience as a bond trader and as portfolio manager was an important asset. tb e re pr However, at least with respect to TDC's existing market niche, TDC's market penet ration was limited more by the ability of the company to contact otential customers and to sign them up than it was by direct competition. od uc ed Also, one of the reasons Interdata had contacted Parker was that the company was interested in expanding its data analysis capabilities. Like Telerate, Interdata was known principally as a supplier of raw data. w ith ou tp Indeed, Parker had discovered that Telerate was interested in developing its own analytical products to transmit over its system. It was possible that such products might be directly competitive to those offered by TDC.Parker knew, however, that Telerate would have to build a completely new department to produce analytical programs. Telerate had traditionally only provided raw financial data to the bond market. er m is si on fro m There were many current and possible competitors in the business of supplying data and analysis to the financial community. Some of these competitors were substantially larger in size than Te chnical Data. LA D C us to m Pu b lis h in g . Technical Data Corporation 283-072 Additionally, TDC planned to diversify away from Telerate as the sole distribution medium for its products.Specifically, the company was discussing arrangements with Quotron and Radiodata. As noted above, Quotron was the dominant supplier of financial information pertaining to the stock market. They were very much interested in performing a similar role in the fixed income markets. And, Parker's firm could provide services to stock investors similar to those provided for bond investors. In particular, Parker and TDC had expertise in some of the recently introduced financial securities – options and futures contracts on stock market indices such as the Standard & Poors 500. Th s m Financial Performance In November of 1980, when the company was formed, sales were zero. By mid-1982, sales were running at an annual rate of slightly over $1,000,000. From the day the company was formed to the end of A pril, 1982, the increment to retained earnings was $179,335. At that date, cash and marketable securities were slightly less than $400,000. Some recent financial statements and the associated notes to the financial statements are included as Exhibit 5. at er ia Current plans called for the introduction of two new software programs by the Fall of 1982.Parker hoped that introducing a complete line of programs with a common user interface would preempt the market, and would effectively create a barrier to entry. lc an no tb At Technical Data, Huebscher was in charge of overseeing the complete process of developing new stand-alone software programs. He would write some of the software himself, and he would assess the attractiveness of programs offered to TDC for resale by outside programmers. e re pr od Parker had recently hired a graduating MBA from Harvard Business School to be a product manager for the software series.Bob Huebscher had been a project manager for a software firm in Bo ston before entering business school. uc ed w In the last three years, the number of micro-computers being used by investment professionals had expanded dramatically. More generally, during this time period, over 1. 5 million so-called personal computers had been sold which could conceivably run software created by TDC. The introduction in late 1981 of a personal computer by IBM was an important event from TDC's perspective because its customer base was more likely to buy personal computers from IBM than from some of the other firms active in the industry. th ou tp er m is si on TDC was scheduled to introduce in July, 1982 the first of what was intended to be a broad line of financial software. The initial product was a yield calculator, and is described in Exhibit 4. The preliminary response in the market to pre-released versions of this product had been overwhelmingly enthusiastic. fro m LA Finally, TDC was in the process of introducing several stand-alone software products. These products were intended to be used by professional participants in the investment community on a personal computer. D C us to Radiodata was a relatively new company.They intended to supply information over the middle part of the FM radio band. The middle part was not used for radio transmission, but could provide a reliable means for transmitting data to specially equipped terminals. m Pu b lis h in g 5 . 283-072 Technical Data Corporation The asset requirements of TDC were minimal. In addition to normal office furniture, the company owned a number of personal computers. A fully equipped APPLE II computer, however, only cost $4,000. 00. When TDC had been formed, Parker had arranged to use the office space of a company active in the bond business.In return for free rent, Parker provided the company with the use of his programs. However, in the Spring of 1982, the company had signed a five year lease on new space in a downtown Boston building. The annual rent on the new office was $45 ,000. In March of 1982, Technical Data had entered into preliminary negotiations with Telerate to extend its contract to distribute its product. The company was attempting to sign a five year contract which would involve TDC paying Telerate a royalty of its Telerate-based revenues. It was very likely that these negotiations would be successfully concluded in the near future.Proforma Revenues and Expenses Th is Parker was in somewhat of a quandry as to how to value the company. Although TDC had been very successful from the start, a great deal of the potential value from operating the company came from future profits. In order to maintain the high rate of growth, the company would have to develop and introduce new products and sustain a strong marketing program. Parker decided that the best way to arrive at an appropriate price for the company was to obtain data on price earnings ratios being accorded in the stock market to comparable companies.Then, these multiples could be applied to the expected earnings of TDC over the next 12 months to arrive at a price. There were several sources of information on price earnings multiples. Parker had found a report which contained data on companies in the computer services industry. The list was compiled by an investment banking firm called Alex Brown & Sons. 6 m at er ia lc an Valuation no tb The three sets of revenue and expense forecasts are provided in Exhibits 6, 7 and 8.Attached to Exhibit 6 are estimates of the market shares necessary to achieve the customer and revenue targets in the base case forecast. e re pr od With respect to expense forecasts, Parker took the approach that at most expenses would be 50% of revenues. Assuming for simplicity an effective tax rate of 50%, the net margin on sales was expected to be 25%. uc ed w The revenue projections were broken down into a number of categories representing specific product line forecasts. In the first year of the forecast period, the bulk of the revenues were ex pected to come from the current Telerate business. th ou tp er Parker had developed three different forecasts for the revenues and expenses of the firm over the next three fiscal years ending October 31: expected values (base case); optimistic (best case) values; and, pessimistic (worst case) values. m is si on fro m LA D C us to The salary levels of the TDC employees depended in part on the level of profitability of the firm. As of April 30, 1982, Jeff Parker was receiving an annualized salary of $125,000. For the six months ended April 30, 1982, the total salary payments of TDC were $126,000. m Pu b lis h in g . Technical Data Corporation 83-072 There were two parts of the report which were of interest to Parker. The first was a list of some financial data on firms in the computer services industry for the period ending March 9, 1982. The list showed prices, dividend yields and price earnings ratios as well as other related data. The list is attached as Exhibit 9. The second part of the Alex Brown report was a graph showing the relationship between the price earnings ratios accorded firms in the sample and the expected long term growth rates of earnings for each. The graph is reproduced as Exhibit 10.Parker had also compiled a list of data on recent initial public offerings. That is, the data described the financial characteristics of companies issuing stock for the first time. These data are attached as Exhibit 11. Finally, Parker had gathered some more detailed information about some companies in businesses not disimilar to that of Technical Data. Some summarized data on Management Science of America, Quotron, Cullinane Data Base and Monchik Webber are shown in Exhibit 12. Th is m at er ia lc an no On the other hand, Parker didn't want to give away the company.He had worked hard for years, and this was the big payoff. He and his family had a lot at stake in the negotiations. This was one of the most important decisions he had ever had to make. tb e re pr T he final issue confronting Parker was how to negotiate with Hollister and Interdata. He knew Hollister well, and wanted to stay on good terms with him, regardless of the outcome of the negotiations. Therefore, he thought he would have to be reasonable in his demands. od uc ed For the purposes of estimating a reasonable discount rate, Parker had gathered some information on the financial markets in April of 1982.These data are provided in Exhibit 13. w ith ou With respect to alternative valuation methods, Parker was interested in seeing if he would arrive at a value different from those estimated by using price earnings ratios if he used discounted cash flow techniques. The questions here involved what the cash flows would be for Technical Data, what the appropriate time horizon for forecasting should be, and what discount rate to use. tp er m is si on There were several issues facing Parker. The first was how to use the information he had gathered above to arrive at a fair price for his company.A second issue was whether or not there was some other way to approach the valuation issue. fro m LA The Meeting with Hollister of Interdata Corporation D C us to m Pu b lis h in g 7 . 8 Th Exhibit 1 is at er ia lc an no tb e re pr od uc ed w ith ou tp er m is si on fro m 283-072 m LA D C us Technical Data Corporation to m Pu b lis h in g . Th at er ia lc an no tb e re pr od uc ed w ith ou tp er m is si on fro m Exhibit 1 (Continued) is m Technical Data Corporation LA D C us to m Pu b lis h 283-072 9 in g . 283-072 Technical Data Corporation Exhibit 2 Technical Data One Federal Street Boston, Massachusetts 02110 617 482 3341Th is 10 m at ACLI Government Securities Aetna Life Insurance Alex Brown & Sons Alliance Capital Management Allied Corporation American General Armco Bache Halsey Stuart Bankers Trust Bank of America Bear Stearns A. G. Becker Brown Brothers Harriman Cargill Investment Services Chase Manhattan Bank Chemical Bank Chicago Corporation Clayton Brokerage C OMARK Conti Commodities Continental Bank Connecticut General Dean Witter Reynolds Discount Corporation Donaldson Lufkin Jenrette Drexel Burnham Lambert Dry Dock Savings Drysdale Securities Ehrlich-Bober & Company Federal Home Loan Bank Federal National Mortgage Assoc.Fidelity Management & Research First Boston First City National Bank, Houston First National Bank of Boston Ford Motor Company Forstmann Leff Associates G. E. Pension GNP Commodities Goldman Sachs E. F. Hutton REPRESENTATIVE SUBSCRIBER LIST Harvard Management Heinold Commodities International Business Machines International Monetary Market Jennison Associates Kidder Peabody Lehman Bros. , Kuhn Loeb Lloyds Bank Mark Twain National Bank Mass. Financial Services MEG Asset Management Mercantile Bank of Canada Merrill Lynch Mobil Oil Morgan Guaranty Moseley Hallgarten Neuberger Berman Norton Simon Paine Webber Wm.E. Pollock T. Rowe Price Putnam Advisory Refco Partners Richardson Securities Scudder Stevens & Clark The Securit ies Group Shearson/American Express Smith Barney Standard Oil of Ohio State of California State of Illinois State of Minnesota State of Wisconsin Thompson McKinnon Travelers Insurance The Treasury Group Tucker Anthony Union Carbide Wertheim & Co. Wheat First Securities The World Bank er ia lc an no tb e re pr od uc ed w ith ou tp er m is si on fro m LA D C us to m Pu b lis h in g . Technical Data Corporation 283-072 Exhibit 3 TECHNICAL DATA CORPORATION CORPORATE CHARTERTechnical Data is in the business of providing decision support systems to the professional investment community. Essentially, the company provides products which enable investors to analyze data in order to make better investment decisions. The data which can be analyzed using Technical Data's products are those pertaining to virtually all publicly traded securities. Examples of securities would include U. S. Government bonds, commodity futures, common stocks and options on stocks. For each possible security, the rel evant data set would include current and historical prices, volume and open interest. Th is m at r ia lc an no tb e re Correspondingly, there are two methods of distributing Technical Data's products to the final customer. The first is over some electronic communications medium. An example would be the Telerate system. Technical Data's customers gain access to the data and analysis by subscribing to certain pages on the Telerate system. There are a number of other competing communications systems, including Quotron and Radiodata. The other distribution method for Technical Data is direct sales of products to consumers. An example would be a software package to be used on a microcomputer to analyze data. r od uc ed w ith ou There are essentially two modes in which the analysis of data can be done using Technical Data products. The first is what can best be described as â€Å"on-line:† that is, the data are analyzed as they are (continuously or periodically) updated on the rele vant securities market. The second mode of analysis is one in which the data are analyzed without immediate, computerized access to updated information. An example of the latter mode would be an analytical package provided to an investor in the form of a stand-alone software routine.The user of such a package would normally be responsible for entering the relevant data. tp er m is si on fro m The analytical tools provided by Technical Data are designed to provide information deemed useful to investors in making investment decisions in an easily understood format. With regard to format, both numerical and graphical displays are employed. LA D C us There are a number of ways in which these data can be analyzed. These include: price or volume trend analysis (so called technical analysis); fundamental analysis (e. g. , the pricing of options); and, relative pricing analysis (e. . , the spreads between the yields on various fixed income instruments). to m Pu b lis h in g 11 . 12 Th Exhib it 4 is at er ia lc an no tb e re pr od uc ed w ith ou tp er m is si on fro m 283-072 m LA D C us Technical Data Corporation to m Pu b lis h in g . Technical Data Corporation 283-072 Exhibit 5 Income Statements* Year October 31 1981 371,557 20,216 17,139 8,240 417,152 391,773 3 Months January 31 1982 201,304 6,262 8,637 655 216,858 207,566 3 Months April 30 1982 241,568 4,557 10,957 1,138 258,220 246,125 6 Months April 30 1982 442,872 10,819 19,594 1,793 475,078 453,691Revenues: Subscription Income Equipment Sales Interest Other Total Revenues Note: Operating Revenues Costs and Expenses: Cost of Equipment Sales Salaries and Wages Other Operating Expenses Rent Interest Total Expenses Pre-Tax Income Taxes: Th is m at er ia lc an no tb e re pr od Current 23,025 39,866 Deferred 2,275 10,224 Total Taxes 25,300 50,090 Net Income 58,124 59,364 Earnings Before Interest & Taxes 78,660 104,192 Note: Depreciation & Amortization 9,154 2,724 Note: Telerate Royalty 74,598 26,911 Note: Rent 0 0 *S ee the summary of accounting principles at the end of this exhibit. s si on 13,984 145,719 161,650 0 12,375 333,728 83,424 3,818 46,325 53,886 0 3,375 107,404 109,454 C us 3,432 60,551 72,492 0 3,375 139,850 118,370 to m fro m LA D uc 45,123 11,410 56,533 61,837 110,788 2,724 26,927 0 ed w ith ou tp er m Pu b lis h 7,250 106,876 126,378 0 6,750 247,254 227,824 84,989 21,634 106,623 121,201 214,980 5,448 53,838 0 in g 13 . 283-072 Technical Data Corporation Exhibit 5 (Continued)Assets: Current Assets: Cash Marketable Securities Accounts Receivable Prepaid Expenses Other Total Current Assets Property & Equipment: Computer Equipment Office Equipment Motor Vehicles Total Property Less Accumulated Depreciation Net Property and Equipment Other Long-Term Assets TOTAL ASSETS Liabilities: Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable Accrued Liabilities Taxes Payable Deferred Subscription Income Total Current Liabilities Long-Term Debt Deferred Income Shareholders Equity: Common Stock Retained Earni ngs 67,927 3,886 20,107 91,920 8,876 83,044 1,238 422,734 73,174 3,886 20,107 97,167 11,525 85,642 1,163 559,953 150,199 49,941 138,041 271 0 338,452 233,048 49,941 187,112 1,476 1,571 473,148 174,384 224,197 217,804 1,135 3,425 620,945 October 31 1981 January 31 1982 April 30 1982 m is si on fro m LA D C us to uc ed w 13,984 56,412 23,025 113,747 207,168 90,000 2,275 19,110 11,625 55,336 198,951 285,022 90,000 2,275 ith ou tp er m Th is 14 m at er ia lc an no tb e re TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY pr od 65,167 58,124 123,291 65,167 117,487 182,654 Pu b 75,566 3,886 20,107 99,559 14,174 85,385 1,088 707,418 15,022 27,583 95,740 232,295 370,640 90,000 2,275 65,167 179,335 244,502 lis h in g . Technical Data Corporation 283-072 Exhibit 5 (Continued) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The Company bills subscription income in advance on an annual or monthly basis.Such billings are recorded as a liability (deferred subscription income) and taken into income ratably over the period tha t they are earned. Marketable securities are recorded at cost, which approximates market value. Th is m at er ia lc an no tb e re pr od uc ed w ith ou tp er m is si on Deferred income taxes relate to timing differences in the recognition of certain expenses for income tax purposes, principally depreciation. fro m Investment tax credits are accounted for on the flow-through method as a reduction of income taxes in the year in which the credits are available for tax purposes. LA D Organizational expenses are being amortized over a period of sixty months. C us Property and equipment are recorded at cost.Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets for financial statement purposes, and principally accelerated methods for tax purposes. Costs of maintenance and repairs are charged to expense and significant renewals and betterments are capitalized. to m Pu b lis h 15 in g . 283-072 Technical Data Corporation Exhibit 6 Proforma Profit P rojections Expected Values Actual May/1982 Fiscal '82–'83 Fiscal '83–'84 Fiscal '84–'85 Growth Rates REVENUE SOURCE: Telerate: Customers $ Per Month Revenues Quotron: Customers $ Per Month Revenues Radiodata: Customers $ Per Month Revenues Newsletter: Customers $ Per Year Revenues Software: Customers Products $ Per Product Revenues New Bill Product:+ Customers $ Per Month Revenues See Assumptions Below) 553 156 1035216* 750 165 1485000 150 170 306000 250 100 300000 300 100 30000 200 10 250 500000 350 100 420000 0 3041000 760250 900 190 2052000 300 187 673200 500 110 660000 500 125 62500 1000 210 2520000 450 206 1110780 700 125 1050000 15. 47 12. 82 30. 27 C us to m fro m LA D tp er m 700 125 87500 200 30 250 1500000 700 125 1050000 400000 7718280 1929570 is si on uc ed w 200 20 250 1000000 500 125 750000 250000 5447700 1361925 ith ou TOTAL REVENUES no tb Other New Products: Stocks & For. Exchange e re pr od _______ 1035216 Th is Assumptions: 1. Expense Ratio (%) 2. Tax Rate (%) m at er *Annualized ia lc NET PROFIT an 50. 00 50. 00 The â€Å"Bill† Product was the data analysis service focusing on short-term financial securities (e. g. , Treasury Bills) which TDC intended to distribute over Telerate. 16 Pu b 73. 21 10. 00 90. 53 67. 33 11. 80 87. 08 52. 75 11. 80 70. 78 0. 00 73. 21 0. 00 73. 21 41. 42 11. 80 58. 11 NA 59. 31 59. 31 lis h in g . Technical Data Corporation 283-072 Exhibit 6 (Continued) Actual May/1982 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES: Telerate (Bonds): Total Market TDI Customers Share Quotron: Total Market TDI Customers % Share Radiodata: Total Market TDI Customers % Share Telerate (Bills): Total Market TDI Customers % Share 7000 750 10. 71 24000 150 0. 63 2500 250 10. 0 7000 350 5. 00 8000 900 11. 25 48000 300 0. 63 3700 500 13. 51 8000 500 6. 25 9000 1000 11. 11 60000 450 0. 75 4900 700 14. 29 9000 700 7. 78 13. 39 15. 47 1. 84 58. 11 73. 21 9. 54 40. 00 67. 33 19. 52 13. 39 41. 42 24. 72 Fiscal '82–'83 Fiscal '83†“'84 Fiscal '84–'85 Growth Rates Th is m at er ia lc an no tb e re pr od uc ed w ith ou tp er Note: The other market share figures are not meaningful because TDC's expected share is very small. m is si on fro m LA D C us to m Pu b lis h in g 17 . 283-072 Technical Data Corporation Exhibit 7 Proforma Profit Projections Best Case Values Actual May/1982 Fiscal '82–'83 Fiscal '83–'84 Fiscal '84–'85 Growth RatesREVENUE SOURCE: Telerate: Customers $ Per Month Revenues Quotron: Customers $ Per Month Revenues Radiodata: Customers $ Per Month Revenues Newsletter: Customers $ Per Year Revenues Software: Customers Products $ Per Product Revenues New Bill Product: Customers $ Per Month Revenues Other New Products: Stocks & For. Exchange (See Assumptions Below) 553 156 1035216* 800 165 1584000 300 170 612000 400 100 480000 400 125 50000 1000 190 2280000 500 187 1122000 600 125 900000 600 150 90000 1200 210 3024000 600 206 1481040 22. 47 12. 82 38. 17 41. 42 10. 00 5 5. 56 50. 00 22. 47 83. 71 41. 42 9. 54 54. 92 41. 42 73. 21 9. 54 168. 33 41. 42 11. 80 58. 11 123. 61 73. 70 73. 70 si on fro m tp er uc ed 200 10 250 500000 500 100 600000 100000 m is 300 20 275 1650000 700 125 1050000 400000 7492000 1873000 w